I-Ellora ingelinye lamathempeli omhume athakazelisa kakhulu eNdiya
I-Ellora, e-India - idolobhana elincane lokuhweba, okungenzeka, ukuthi belingahlala lingaziwa kunoma ngubani ukube bekungewona amathempeli ahlukile emigede aqoshwe ngqo emadwaleni. Ukuba yindinganiso yangempela yezakhiwo zasendulo zenkolo yaseMpumalanga, zihlaba umxhwele ngobukhulu bazo nomoya ongenakuqhathaniswa.
Ulwazi oluvamile
Ama-Black Caves ka-Ellora, adalwe esikhathini kusuka emakhulwini ayisithupha kuya kwayi-9. n. e., zitholakala esigodini esinegama elifanayo esifundeni saseMaharashtra (maphakathi nezwe). Indawo yokwakhiwa kwabo ayikhethwanga ngengozi, ngoba ezikhathini zasendulo, kuleli qophelo, eliseduzane nase-Ajanta, imizila eminingi yezohwebo yahlangana, yaheha abathengisi nabahambi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Kwakunentela yabo lapho lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa khona, noma kunalokho, saqoshwa edwaleni eliqine kakhulu.
Lesi sakhiwo, esifakaza ngesimo sokubekezelela samaHindu kubamele bezinye izinkolo, siqukethe amathempeli amaningi, ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-3 - amaBuddhist, amaJain namaHindu. Ukuze kube lula izivakashi, ososayensi kanye nabaqondisi, bonke babalwa ngokulandelana kokwakhiwa - kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-34.
Ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga, intaba, eqoshwe ngemihume eyingqayizivele ye-Ellore, iwele imifula emine. Enkulu kunazo zonke, i-Elaganga, yakha impophoma enamandla evela lapha kuphela ngesikhathi semvula.
Ososayensi abafunda ngamathempeli asemhumeni ka-Ellora abakwazanga ukuthola noma yibuphi ubufakazi besayensi bokuthi esinye sezakhiwo zenkolo ezingajwayelekile kakhulu eNdiya sakhiwe kanjani. Imibono eminingi ekhona njengamanje isuselwa olwazini oluthathwe emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo nakumathebulethi ethusi. Kube ngosizo lwabo ukuthi bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi imigede yase-Ellora yaqala ukwenziwa amathempeli cishe ngonyaka ka-500 AD, lapho izindela ezabaleka e-Ajanta zathuthela kule ndawo.
Namuhla amathempeli, okuthi, yize kunesikhathi samakhulu eminyaka akhona, asesimweni esihle kakhulu, afakwe kuhlu lwe-UNESCO Amagugu Omhlaba futhi angaphansi kokuvikelwa nguhulumeni. Namuhla, ukubaza, imidwebo esezingeni eliphansi kanye nokuqoshwa kwamatshe okuqoshwe ezindongeni kungasetshenziselwa ukufunda amasiko amaNdiya, izinganekwane nomlando.
Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi
Kuzothatha isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku olulodwa ukujwayelana namathempeli amaningi e-Ellora eNdiya. Uma unamahora ambalwa onawo, jwayelana nesakhiwo salesi sakhiwo lapho ungekho - lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi wakhe umzila ofanele kakhulu.
Amathempeli amaBuddhist
Amahholo amaBuddhist, lapho, eqinisweni, ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo esikhulu saqala khona, atholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yenkimbinkimbi. Kunezingu-12 sezizonke - futhi konke ngaphandle kweyodwa ama-viharas, izindlu zezindela ezincane ezisetshenziselwa ukuzindla, izimfundiso, amasiko enkolo, ukuhlala ubusuku kanye namadili. Isici esiyinhloko sale migede sithathwa njengezithombe ezibunjiweyo zikaBuddha, ezihleli ezindaweni ezahlukene, kepha zihlala zibheke empumalanga, zibheke elangeni eliphumayo. Imibono evela ezigodlweni zamaBuddha ihlala ingacacile - uma ezinye zazo zingapheli ngokuphelele, kokunye kunezitezi ezintathu nezinombolo eziningi zazo zonke izinhlobo zezithombe.
Ukuze ufike kule ngxenye yenkimbinkimbi, udinga ukukhuphuka izitebhisi ezincane ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba cishe amamitha angama-20. Ekupheleni kokwehla, izivakashi zingabona iTin-Thal, ithempeli eliphakathi kweBuddhist lase-Ellora. Isifanekiso esinezitezi ezintathu, esibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu ezingumhume emhlabeni, sibukeka silula ngokwedlulele: imigqa emithathu yamakholomu ayizikwele, amasango amancane okungena namapulatifomu amakhulu we-basalt ahlotshiswe ngamaphethini angajwayelekile aqoshiwe. I-Tin-Thal uqobo iqukethe amahholo amaningana avulekile, lapho kuhwalala lapho kukhazimula khona izithombe ezinhle ze-basalt.
Okujabulisa ngokwengeziwe yisigodlo sezindela saseBuddhist saseRameshwara, esikhona ezithombeni eziningi zabavakashi baka-Ellora eNdiya. Ivumela isakhiwo esiphakathi nendawo nosayizi, ilidlula kude ekunotheni nasebuhleni bomklamo wayo wangaphakathi. Yonke isentimitha yalesi sakhiwo ihlotshiswe ngemidwebo emihle, ekhumbuza izandla zabantu ezifriziwe esimweni esibi. Amakamelo aseRameshwar asekelwa amakholomu ama-4, izingxenye zawo ezingaphezulu zenziwe ngesimo samanani amakhulu abesifazane, kanti aphansi ahlotshiswe ngemidwebo ephezulu esihlokweni sezinganekwane zaseNdiya. Ngaphakathi kwethempeli kunezidalwa eziningi ezinhle ezizungeze umuntu ongenayo ovela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi futhi zifaka kuye ukwesaba kwangempela. Abaphathi basendulo bakwazile ukudlulisa ukunyakaza kwepulasitiki ngokunembile kangangokuba izithombe zonkulunkulu, abantu nezilwane ezihlobisa izindonga zomhume zibukeka sengathi ziyaphila.
Amathempeli amaHindu
17 Imigede yamaHindu, esesiqongweni seNtaba iKailash, iyisikhumbuzo esikhulu esiqoshwe etsheni le-monolithic. Ngayinye yalezi zingcwele ilungile ngendlela yayo, kepha yinye kuphela evusa intshisekelo enkulu - leli yithempeli likaKailasanatha. Kubhekwa njengeparele eliyinhloko laso sonke lesi sakhiwo, ayihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi wayo kuphela, kodwa nangobuchwepheshe bayo bokwakha obuhlukile. Ithempeli elikhulu, ukuphakama, ububanzi nobude obungu-30, 33 no-61 m, ngokulandelana, kwaqoshwa kusuka phezulu kuye phansi.
Ukwakhiwa kwaleli thempeli, okwathatha cishe iminyaka eyi-150, kwenzeka ngezigaba. Okokuqala, abasebenzi bemba umthombo ojulile, besusa okungenani amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 edwala. Ngemuva kwalokho abakhiqizi abaningi bamatshe benze amapaseji ayi-17 aholela emahholo amakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izingcweti zaqala ukwakha ama-vaults futhi zaqopha amakamelo angeziwe, ngalinye lalihloselwe unkulunkulu othile.
Izindonga zethempeli likaKailasanatha e-Ellora, elibizwa nangokuthi "phezulu komhlaba", cishe zimbozwe ngokuphelele ngemidwebo ekhombisa izigcawu zemibhalo engcwele. Iningi lazo lihlotshaniswa neShiva - kukholelwa ukuthi unkulunkulu ophakeme wamaHindu wayehleli kule ntaba ethile. Amaphethini nemiklamo, lapho ihlolisiswa, ibonakala inamacala amathathu. Lokhu kuphawuleka kakhulu ekushoneni kwelanga, lapho izithunzi eziningi zivela ezibalweni eziqoshwe etsheni - kubonakala sengathi isithombe siya ngokuya siphile futhi siqala ukuhamba kancane emisebeni yelanga eliyoshona.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lo mphumela wokubuka wasungulwa ngenhloso. Ngeshwa, igama lomlobi walo lahlala lingaziwa, kepha iqiniso lokuthi umklami ofanayo wayesebenza ekwakhiweni kwemihume yamaHindu alithandabuzwa - lokhu kuboniswa yipuleti lethusi elatholakala kwesinye sezilondolozi.
Ngenxa yokwakheka kwetshe elithile, ithempeli laseKailasanath e-Ellora (India) lahlala lingashintshi selokhu lasungulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezinye izindawo ungabona iminonjana kapende omhlophe, okwenza le migede ibukeke njengeziqongo zezintaba ezimbozwe iqhwa.
Thola AMANANI noma ubhukhe noma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli fomu
Amathempeli eJain
Eyokugcina, imigede emincane kunazo zonke i-Ellora isendaweni esenyakatho yenkimbinkimbi. Zihlukaniswe nezinye izakhiwo cishe ezingamakhilomitha ama-2, ukuze izivakashi eziningi zingafiki lapha. Kunamathempeli amahlanu amaJain esewonke, kodwa munye kuphela aqediwe. Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwethempeli elikhulu lamaNdiya wamiswa kungazelelwe, yize ihlelo lamaJain ngaleso sikhathi lalinenkinga enkulu yentuthuko.
Amathempeli emigede aseJain, ahlotshiswe ngemifanekiso eqoshiwe nezinsika ezinomusa, anikezelwe konkulunkulu abathathu - iGomateshwar, Mahavir neParshvanath. Esikhathini sokuqala kubo, ungabona isithombe esinqunu sonkulunkulu egxilile esimweni sokuzindla esijulile - imilenze yakhe ifakwe imivini, futhi phansi kwesithombe uqobo ungabona izithombe zezicabucabu, izilwane nezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Umhume wesibili, obekelwe umsunguli wefilosofi yaseJain, uhlotshiswe ngemifanekiso ebaziwe yamabhubesi asabekayo, ama-lotus amakhulu kanye noMahavir uqobo. Ngokuqondene neyesithathu, okuyikhophi encane yethempeli likaShaiva, kusele kuphela izinsalela zomdwebo ophahleni, okuyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu kubagxeki bezobuciko nabavakashi abavamile.
Amathiphu awusizo
Uma uhlela ukuvakashela i-Ellora Caves eNdiya, hlola izincomo zalabo asebevele bekhona:
- Ekungeneni kwale nxanxathela, izinkawu eziningi ziyabambeka, okungabizi lutho ukuliphuca ikhamera noma ikhamera yevidiyo ezandleni zomvakashi ogejayo, ngakho-ke zonke izinto ezingabaluleki kangako kufanele zigcinwe ziqinile.
- Emihumeni eminingi kukhona ukuhwalala - qiniseka ukuthi uhamba ngethoshi, ngoba ngaphandle kwalo umane ungaboni lutho.
- Ukuhamba ngamahholo, ungakhohlwa ngemithetho eyisisekelo yokuziphatha. Uma kwabaseYurophu kumane kungukuheha izivakashi okuthokozisayo, ngakho-ke kumaNdiya yindawo engcwele. Kunoma yikuphi ukwephulwa komthetho uzokhishwa, ngaphandle kokunikeza noma yini ukuze uchaze.
- Lapho uhlela uhambo lokuya emathempelini amatshe, ungakhohlwa ukubheka isikhathi sabo sokuvula (Wed-Mon. 07:00 kuya ku-18: 00).
- Kungcono ukuqala ukujwayela kwakho ngenye yezinto ezikhangayo zaseNdiya ezivela eKailasanatha. Udinga ukuza ngqo ekuvuleni, ngoba ngehora le-12 kuzobe kungaminyene lapha.
- Uma uhlela ukuchitha okungenani amahora ambalwa emihumeni, letha amabhodlela ambalwa wamanzi amaminerali. Yize kunenqwaba yamatshe, kuyashisa kakhulu lapha, futhi amanzi athengiswa kuphela emnyango.
- Ungazami nokuthatha amatshe amancane ambalwa njengesikhumbuzo - lokhu akuvunyelwe lapha. Ensimini yenkantolo kunenqwaba yonogada, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa nemihlahlandlela noma abahlali bendawo.
- Musa ukuzenzela ama-selfies nabantu bendawo - thatha isithombe okungenani noyedwa wabo, uzolwa nesikhathi esisele nabanye.
- I-Ellora (India) idume hhayi ngamathempeli ayo ayingqayizivele, kodwa futhi ngohlelo lwayo olucebile lwamasiko nokuzijabulisa. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, kunomkhosi womculo nomdanso lapha, oheha inani elikhulu labantu. Ngokwemvelo, phakathi kokudlala, bonke baphuthuma emihumeni yasendulo, esivele ingahlushwa ukuntuleka kwezivakashi.
- Kunamakamelo okudlela ama-2 namathoyilethi amaningi, kepha okuhle kunakho konke emnyango.
Ukubuyekezwa Okugcwele Kwe-Ellora Caves (4K Ultra HD):