Ithempeli i-Abu Simbel - ubuciko obukhulu bokwakhiwa kweRamses II
Ithempeli lomhume i-Abu Simbel, eliqukethe izakhiwo ezimbili ezihlukanisiwe, lingabizwa ngokuthi enye yezindawo ezikhangayo ezidume kakhulu futhi ezivakashelwa kakhulu eGibhithe. Izithombe ezibunjiwe ezinkulu ezenziwe ngamatshe etshebetshezi acoliseke kahle seziyizimpawu ezifanayo zaleli zwe, njengamaphiramidi, i-sphinx noma i-colossi yaseMemnon.
Ulwazi oluvamile
U-Abu Simbel, iparele lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe, uyidwala elisogwini olusentshonalanga yeNayile, ubukhulu balo amathempeli amabili aqoshwe ngasikhathi sinye - uRamses II noNefertari wakhe amthandayo. Lesi sici esibalulekile saseGibhithe siseNubia, eduze kwedolobha lase-Aswan.
Ukuphakama kwaleli dwala kufinyelela emakhulwini amamitha. Emibhalweni ye-hieroglyphic ibizwa ngokuthi intaba engcwele noma inqaba iRamsesopolis. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sifakazele ukuthi ezikhathini zasendulo le ndawo yayizungezwe uthango olunamandla.
EYurophu, baqala ukukhuluma ngethempeli likaRamses II ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ngenkathi incwadi ka-Edward William Lane ethi "Description of Egypt" ishicilelwa. Namuhla, isakhiwo sethempeli e-Abu Simbel sifakiwe kuhlu lwe-UNESCO lwamaGugu Omhlaba futhi singesinye sezikhumbuzo ezingavamile kakhulu zesiko lasendulo laseGibhithe.
Funda futhi: Ithempeli eKarnak - iqoqo lezakhiwo ezinkulu eGibhithe.
Umlando
Ukwakhiwa kwethempeli i-Abu Simbel eGibhithe kwaqala ngonyaka ka-1264 BC. e. futhi yathatha iminyaka engama-20. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakhiwa ezinye izindawo ezingcwele ezifanayo eziyisithupha eNubia, ezazifanele ukuqinisa isikhundla samandla aseGibhithe kulesi sifunda. Ngemuva kokuwohloka koMbuso Omusha, leli dolobha lashiywa, nezakhiwo ngokwazo zalahlwa zangasasebenzi.
Ngesikhathi abantu baseYurophu bokuqala befika e-Afrika, amathempeli womabili ayengcwatshwe ngaphansi kwamathani esihlabathi asuka ehlane. Isimo sashintsha ngo-1813 kuphela, lapho iSwitzerland uJean-Louis Burkhard izithela phezu komngcele ongaphambili lweTheku Elikhulu futhi yatshela umngane wayo, umhloli wamazwe wase-Italy nomvubukuli uGiovanni Belzoni, ngalokhu okutholakele. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho engazange akwazi ukumba indawo engcwele futhi athole umnyango omkhulu. Lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngo-1817, lapho uBelzoni ebuyela eGibhithe nabangane bakhe ababili - izikhulu zombutho wasolwandle waseBrithani, uLieutenant Irby noKaputeni Mengli. Bobathathu babo ngokoqobo ngenyanga bakhulule ingxenye engenhla yengosi ezihlabathini futhi bakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi.
Uhambo olulandelayo, olwaluhlala lapha kusukela ngo-1818 kuya ku-1819, lwakwazi ukuhlenga isithombe esaseningizimu futhi lwaqala ukusebenza kumakhelwane walo. Lapho-ke ososayensi bakwazile ukusho ukuthi izithombe zeRamses zihleli, azimi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 umhlaba wonke wakhuluma ngobuhle nobukhulu beRamsesopolis. Abahambi abaningi abadumile bakwazile ukuvakashela lapha, kepha munye kuphela wabo okwazile ukuqedela umsebenzi omkhulu. Kwakungumakhi u-Alessandro Barsanti, owayesebenza e-Egyptian Antiquities Service. Wasebenzisa ithuba lokuphakama kwamanzi okwenzeka ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iDamu i-First Aswan, wasusa ngokuphelele indawo yethempeli futhi wakhulula zonke izithombe ezihlobisa isihlabathi.
Ithempeli likaRamses II
Ukwakha izakhiwo
Ithempeli likaRamses 2 e-Abu Simbel, elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amon-Ra, liyisakhiwo esihle kakhulu, izakhi eziyinhloko zazo eziyizithombe ezine ezinkulu. Omunye wabo ubonisa uFaro ngokwakhe, nabanye abathathu - onkulunkulu abakhulu abasebenza njengabaxhasi bakhe abakhulu - uRa-Harakti, uPtah no-Amon. Ngasinye salezi zithombe sigqoke ingubo yasebukhosini futhi sihlotshiswe ngomqhele ophindwe kabili, siveza umthetho owodwa we-Upper and Lower Egypt. Kuyathakazelisa nokuthi ubuso bonkulunkulu abakhona kulokhu kuqanjwa kunesithombe esifana noRamses. Ngale ndlela wazilinganisa noNkulunkulu.
Ukuphakama kwesibalo ngasinye kungama-20 m, ngakho-ke bahlala cishe kuyo yonke i-facade. Ngeshwa, esinye sezithombe ezibaziweyo sonakaliswa ukuzamazama komhlaba, ngakho kwasinda imilenze yaso kuphela. Kuliqiniso, i-torso nekhanda kusalaliswe emnyango - ungazibuka. Ingxenye engenhla yendlu engcwele ihlotshiswe ngezimfene zamatshe eziyishumi nambili ezikhuleka elangeni eliphumayo, futhi ezinyaweni ze-giant colossi kunezithombe eziningana ezincane ezibonisa amakhosikazi nezingane zombusi omkhulu.
Uma ubheka isithombe sika-Abu Simbel, ungabona omunye umniningwane othakazelisayo. Lesi yitshe lesikhumbuzo esakhiwe ukuhlonipha umshado kaFaro noHattusili II, owaqeda impi phakathi kwamaHeti nabaseGibhithe.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi seThempeli Elikhulu siqukethe amahholo ama-4 ancipha kancane kancane kanye nenani lamakamelo okugcina eziseceleni lapho kugcinwa khona iminikelo. Ihholo lokuqala, elihlanganiswe amakholomu ayi-8, eligcizelela ukuxhumana kukaRamses II no-Osiris, belivulekele zonke izingxenye zabantu. Esikhathini sesibili, kuphela abantu abazalwa yizicukuthwane abavunyelwe. Kwesithathu, abapristi kuphela ababevunyelwe ukushayela, kanti owesine wakhonza ngezidingo zomuntu siqu zenkosi kanye nomndeni wayo.
Izindonga zawo wonke la makamelo zimbozwe imidwebo nemibhalo engcwele ekhuluma ngezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zangaleso sikhathi. Amalanga apendwe ophahleni agcizelela amandla ombuso wasebukhosini, kanti nezimfezi, "ezicashe" eduze naphansi, ziwuphawu lokujeziswa ngokukhashelwa kombusi. Iningi le-bas-reliefs likhuluma ngempi. Okudume kakhulu kulokhu ukukhonjiswa kweMpi yaseKadeshi. Lapha uRameses II uhleli enqoleni enkulu futhi welula umnsalo wakhe.
Ngiyathokoza ukwazi! Isigodi Samakhosi yi-necropolis enkulu eGibhithe okufanele ivakashelwe yiwo wonke umuntu.
Ukudlala kokukhanya
Ithempeli likaRamses II e-Abu Simbel lidume hhayi ngomlando wasendulo kuphela nokuba khona kwezinto eziningi zomlando, kodwa futhi nokudlala kokukhanya okungakholeki okwenzeka izikhathi ezimbili ngonyaka - 22.02 (ukuzalwa kukaFaro) no-22.10 (usuku lokungena kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi). Ngokumangazayo, kepha isikhathi esisele esiseRamsesopolis sisebusuku futhi kuphela ngalezi zinsuku, ngemisebe yokuqala yelanga, ubuso betshe likaFaro, uRa-Horakhte no-Amon bukhanya ngokukhanya okucacile. Umdlalo uthatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela, kepha, ngokusho kwabavakashi abaningi, ubuso benkosi bumamatheka ngalesi sikhathi. Ngokuqondene nesibalo sesine, esikhombisa uPtah, asikaze sikhanyiswe. UPtah ungunkulunkulu wezwe elingaphansi futhi akadingi kukhanya, uhlala ebumnyameni njalo.
Ngabe abaklami baseGibhithe lasendulo bakwazile kanjani ukuthola lo mphumela wokukhanya ongajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi njengoba umnyango wethempeli likaRamses II uhlale ubheke empumalanga? Basizwa ababhula ngezinkanyezi, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-33 edlule, ababebandakanyeka ekwakhiweni cishe kwazo zonke izakhiwo zenkolo eGibhithe.
Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu
Ithempeli laseNefertari Merenmouth
Ithempeli lesibili noma elincane linikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi uHathor nendlovukazi uNefertari, unkosikazi wokuqala kaRamses II. Ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele komnyango omkhulu, ungabona izithombe ezibonisa bobabili umbusi uqobo kanye "nomngane omuhle", njengoba indlovukazi yayibizwa kanjalo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi zonke izithombe eziyisi-6 zinobukhulu obucishe bulingane - cishe amamitha ayi-10. Ngalezo zikhathi, leli bekuyicala elingakaze libonwe, ngoba imvamisa izithombe ezibaziwe zamakhosikazi nezingane zikaFaro zazingafiki emadolweni akhe.
Kuyiqiniso, izibalo ezincane nazo zenzeka lapha, kepha zinikezelwe kuphela enzalweni yomndeni (amakhosana amabili namakhosazana amabili). Ngasinye salezi zithombe ezinkulu zamatshe zibekwe endaweni ejulile, enomthunzi. Imisebe yelanga ewela ebusweni bayo idala ukudlala okungajwayelekile kokukhanya nesithunzi, okuthuthukisa kuphela umbono ophelele.
Uma kuqhathaniswa neThempeli Elikhulu LikaRamses 2 e-Abu Simbel, indawo engaphambili yeSakhiwo Esincane ibukeka inesizotha. Lesi sakhiwo siqukethe ihholo lekholomu eliqoshwe edwaleni nethempeli elincane, elihlukaniswe ngama-niches ama-3. Kwesinye sazo, esisenkabeni, kukhona isibalo esikhulu senkomo engcwele, senziwa samuntu unkulunkulukazi wasendulo waseGibhithe uHathor, nofaro uqobo, ongaphansi kokuvikelwa kwakhe. Izithombe zalo nkulunkulu zitholakale nasezinhlakeni zehholo lokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi livame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-hasoric. Lapha ungabona futhi umbhalo wokuzinikezela oqinisekisa iqiniso lemvelaphi yalesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele.
Ngokuvamile, izakhiwo zeSonto Elincane cishe azihlukaniseki nezeBig. Umehluko usayizi kuphela (konke kuncane kakhulu kulokhu) nendaba yemidwebo. Izithombe ezisezingeni eliphansi zethempeli laseNefertari zibukeka zinokuthula. Iningi lazo libonisa izigcawu zokunikela ngezipho konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe lasendulo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akumangazi, ngoba unkulunkulukazi uHathor ubhekwa njengonobuhle kakhulu kulo lonke unkulunkulu futhi uwuphawu lobufazi, uthando, ubuhle nokuzala.
Thola AMANANI noma ubhukhe noma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli fomu
Ukudluliswa kwamathempeli
Inkatho yamathempeli ka-Abu Simbel eGibhithe yawa ezivivinyweni eziningi ezinzima. Ekuqaleni, bema esihlabathini iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-3 000, base becishe bagcina ngaphansi kwamanzi. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngemuva kwemicimbi yezinguquko ka-1952, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakha idamu osebeni loMfula iNayile eduze nedolobha lase-Aswan. Lokhu, uma uthi nhlá, umcimbi ojwayelekile ubuzoholela ekukhukhulekeni kwendawo, yingakho-ke kube nokucekelwa phansi ngokuphelele kwezakhiwo zasendulo. Esizeni senqaba iRamsesopolis, bekufanele ngabe kwakhiwe ichibi elikhulu, okungamakhulu eminyaka lingashiyi mkhondo wama-hieroglyphs asendulo noma izithombe zesihlabathi ezibabazekayo.
Mhlawumbe lokhu bekuzokwenzeka uma ngonyaka we-1959 izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezaziwayo bezingazange ziqale umkhankaso wezenhlalo onamandla ohlose ukusindisa ifa elikhulu lomlando. Ngenxa yezenzo zabo, amanxiwa ethempeli anqanyulwa ngamabhulokhi ayi-1035 futhi ayiswa kwenye indawo, etholakala ngamamitha ayikhulu amabili ngaphezulu namamitha angama-66 ngaphezu komfula. Ngemuva kwalokho amabhulokhi abhola futhi kwashaywa i-resin ekhethekile emigodini. Ngazinye izicucu, njengephazili, izakhiwo zaphinde zahlanganiswa futhi zambozwa ngekepisi. Kwathelwa igquma ngaphezulu, okwenza lo mdwebo ubonakale usuphelile. Uma ubheka isithombe sethempeli i-Abu Simbel ezincwajaneni zabavakashi, kungahle kubonakale sengathi bebemi lapha zonke izimpilo zabo.
Umkhankaso wokufudusa uthathe iminyaka emithathu, wabiza iGibhithe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-40 futhi waba umsebenzi omkhulu kunayo yonke wobunjiniyela kanye nemivubukulo emhlabeni. Ososayensi abafunda lesikhumbuzo ngesikhathi somsebenzi bamangala ngevolumu nekhwalithi yolwazi abanalo abaphathi basendulo. Ochwepheshe bathola ukuthi imigqa yezingilazi zombili zethempeli likaRamses II ibitholakala ifana nemifantu ekujiyeni kwedwala. Lokhu kubanikeze ukwesekwa okwengeziwe. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, abaklami basendulo babecabanga ngezimfanelo zenhlabathi - babopha ungqimba ngalunye lwetshe le-iron oxide, ngenxa yokuthi zonke izithombe zagcinwa kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nto yacebisa iphalethi lemibala yetshe futhi yafaka umbala etsheni leshlabathi ngemibala ehlukahlukene.
Encwadini: I-mosque eCairo, lapho kuvunyelwe khona abesifazane bezinye izinkolo.
Ukuhambela e-Abu Simbel
Uma usengabona ezinye izinto zaleli zwe uwedwa, khona-ke ukujwayelana nethempeli laseRamses e-Abu Simbel kwenziwa kangcono njengengxenye yeqembu labavakashi elihleliwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho ngokuphelele kwamahhotela asendaweni eseduze nale ndawo, namabanga amade, alula kakhulu ukuhamba nomshayeli okhokhelwayo kunemoto eqashiwe.
Ukuvakasha kwezinsuku ezimbili kusuka eHurghada kuhlelwa nsuku zonke. Uhlelo lokuvakasha lubandakanya ukuvakashela izindawo eziningana ezithakazelisayo ngasikhathi sinye. Iphuzu lokuqala lomzila idolobha lase-Aswan. Okuhehayo kwayo idamu elidumile lase-Ausan, elenziwe ngonjiniyela abavela eSoviet Union, nasePhile Island, endaweni lapho kunethempeli elidala kunawo wonke laseGibhithe. Ebusuku, izihambi zihlala ehhotela elithokomele, futhi ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa ziyiswa emathempelini e-Abu Simbel. Uzobuyiselwa eHurghada cishe ngo-10 ebusuku.
Ungayalela uhambo olunjalo kumhlahlandlela ehhotela, enkampanini yezokuvakasha noma nge-Intanethi. Izindleko zohambo ziqala ku- $ 175. Kukhona izaphulelo zezingane.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Ngesikhathi sokuvakasha, uzofunda amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngethempeli i-Abu Simbel eGibhithe. Nazi ezimbalwa zazo:
- Ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi nsuku zonke entathakusa, imifanekiso emikhulu efakwe emnyango wendlu engcwele yenza umsindo omkhulu, okusikhumbuza ngokububula komuntu. Abantu bendawo bakholelwa ukuthi labonkulunkulu basendulo bakhalela amadodana abo. Kepha ososayensi bathole incazelo ehluke ngokuphelele yale nto. Iqiniso ngukuthi njengoba ilanga liphuma, umehluko obonakalayo phakathi kwezinga lokushisa kwetshe lomhlabathi kanye nemingcele yemvelo kuyaqapheleka ikakhulukazi. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekutheni izinhlayiya zamadwala ezihamba ngemifantu emincane ziqala ukugaya (lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yihabhu).
- Izithombe ezinkulu zingabonakala ngisho nakude. Ungakhohlwa ukuhlola leli qiniso ngokuthatha uhambo.
- Igama lalesi sici sendawo livele kudala ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwalo. Ekuqaleni, leli gama lalingabizwa ngokuthi ithempeli uqobo lwalo, kepha idwala, ngobukhulu balo, eqinisweni, elalivela kulo. Leli gama laqanjwa amatilosi - babekholelwa ukuthi intaba ifana nesilinganiso sokudla okusanhlamvu, futhi abayibizi lutho ngaphandle kokuthi "ubaba wesinkwa" noma "ubaba wezindlebe".
- Ngemuva kokufunda umlando weGibhithe lasendulo, uyabona ukuthi ithempeli laseNefertari Merenmouth laba yindawo engcwele yesibili enikezelwe ebukhosini besifazane. Eyokuqala kwakuyithempeli likaNefertiti, elakhiwa ngu-Akhenaten ngokuhlonipha unkosikazi wakhe odumile.
- Ekucindezelekeni okuncane ngaphezulu kwembali yeRamsesopolis, ungabona ikhanda likakhokho eliphethe idiski likaRa-Horakhti, unkulunkulu welanga eliphumayo. Ngakwesobunxele salo ungabona induku enekhanda lenja u-Usera, nangakwesokudla - okugcinwe esithombeni sikankulunkulukazi uMaat. Uma uhlanganisa amagama abo bonke labonkulunkulu, uthola igama likafaro omkhulu.
- I-colossi, efakwe emnyango wethempeli, ibukeka izolile - ama-torsos abo ahamba ze, izinyawo zabo zisemhlabathini, nezandla zabo zisokhalweni. Eqinisweni, lesi sikhundla asikhethwanga ngengozi. Ugcizelele amandla kaRamses II futhi wafaka ukwesaba nenhlonipho kubantu baseNubia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kusa, zazipendwe ngombala onsundu ogqamile, okwadala ukugqama okugqamile nezithunzi ezimnyama futhi kwenza izibalo zethusa nakakhulu.
- Ithempeli i-Abu Simbel, manje eselithathwa njengomunye wemicebo emikhulu yaseGibhithe, lalidumaza kakhulu labo abalitholile. Futhi ngoba amahholo alo abengekho igolide noma amatshe ayigugu - imidwebo yedwala kuphela nama-arabesque anemibala.
- Becabanga ngokuthi singasindisa kanjani lesi sakhiwo ekukhukhulekeni, ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi basifaka ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi basimboze nge-dome-aquarium esobala. Kulokhu, umuntu wayengabheka uphawu oludumile hhayi kuphela ngenhla, kodwa nangaphakathi. Ngalokhu, bekuhlelwe ukuthi kwakhiwe amapulatifomu akhethekile okubuka kanye namakheshi akhethekile azokwehlisa izivakashi ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ngenhlanhla, lo mbono awuzange uphumelele.
- Ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwalesi sakhiwo, kwenziwa ukusikeka okungaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyisihlanu. Umsebenzi awuzange ume ngisho nasebusuku, futhi konke ukukhohlisa kwenziwa ngesandla.
Izimfihlo zethempeli lika-Abu Simbel eGibhithe: