Cossacks - bangobani, bahlala kuphi, izici
Isiphetho Cossacks - nobuqhawe, ebabayo futhi elibuhlungu, namanje kuyajabulisa umphakathi. Enhliziyweni yempilo yohlanga oluphila ezikhathini zangaphambili emaphethelweni eRussia naseCommonwealth, kunezisekelo eziqinile ze-Orthodoxy, ukuthanda izwe, inhlonipho ngamasiko omndeni nezisekelo. Amandla alezi zimiso aqinisekiswa yinkonzo yamasosha eyadlula amakhulu eminyaka yeCossacks, izenzo zobuqhawe, kanye nezinganekwane ezisasele esikhathini sethu.
Bangobani amaCossacks futhi avelaphi
Esikhathini sethu sokwakhiwa komphakathi omusha waseRussia, iziphathimandla zinesifiso esikhulukazi ekuhlangenwe nakho kukahulumeni wasekhaya waseCossack, owakhulela kulwazi lwentando yeningi "veche" (Novgorod).
Sithola ukubalulwa kokuqala kwamaCossacks kumanothi ombusi wasePutivl, uMikhail Troekurov maphakathi nekhulu le-16, elitshela ngamaqembu abantu abakhululekile abayimizulane "ngentando yabo", hhayi ngezinqumo zombuso. Ngokuyisisekelo, laba "babeyizigqila" ezibalekayo ezivela "enqabeni" yobukhosi. Ukuseshwa okuqhubekayo kwababusi be-tsarist kanye nokujeziswa okwalandela kwenza kwaba nzima ukuqhubeka nokuhlala phansi.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kuphela lapho umbuso wentando yeningi wabonga khona amandla ezempi alaba bantu abazimele nabangenasibindi futhi wabanika umhlaba wokusetshenziswa komphakathi. Ngakho-ke amapulazi aseCossack athathelwa indawo amadolobhana, izifunda zaseCossack kanye namasimu amabutho e-Astrakhan, Donskoy, Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal.
Kwakukhona iCharter "Ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobhana aseCossack" kukhodi yemithetho yoMbuso WaseRussia, eyayichaza izingqinamba zobunikazi bomhlaba nokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Nanku umbandela obaluleke kakhulu: "Umphakathi wasendaweni ekwabiweni kwezibonelelo zomhlaba kanye nomhlaba uqondiswa yimithetho esuselwa kumasiko asendulo, futhi akukho lapho ephula khona."
Indaba yevidiyo
UDon noKuban Cossacks
Indaba emfushane
ERussia, ngoJanuwari 3, 1870, umkhosi wokugubha unyaka wama-300 wokusungulwa kweDon Cossack Host wabungazwa ngesizotha. Usuku lwangoJanuwari 3, 1570 lungaphansi kwencwadi yokwamukela amaCossacks ka-Ivan the Terrible. Kodwa umsuka wekhwalithi kaDon usukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, lapho amaqembu aseCossack ayeyingxenye yebutho lika-Ivan III.
Ngo-1552 abakwaCossacks babamba iqhaza emkhankasweni wokulwa neKazan. Kuze kwaba ngo-1584 babhekwa "njengabakhululekile", kanti kulo nyaka abakwaDon Cossacks bafunga ukuthembeka kuTsar Fyodor Ivanovich Romanov.
Umlando oyinkimbinkimbi webutho leKuban Cossack. Abasunguli bayo, abomdabu beZaporozhye Sich, bashushiswa ngokubanjwa inkunzi ngabaphathi baseRussia. AmaKuban Cossacks, akomkhulu lawo eYekaterinodar (iKrasnodar yanamuhla), ahlanganisa abantu abakhululekile bezizwe eziningi ezigabeni zabo. Ngaphezu kwabaseRussia nabase-Ukraine, kwakukhona nabamele abantu baseCaucasus. Yasungulwa kanjalo-ke isiko elihlukile lobuzwe. Ngo-1792, ngesimemezelo senkosi, ibutho lanikezwa umhlaba osebeni lweTaman naseKuban ukuze lusetshenziswe ngokungenamkhawulo. Imizana yempi yaseKuban yadlala indima yomngcele waseRussia eningizimu.
Insizakalo yeCossack
I-Cossack yangenela inkonzo yezempi eneminyaka engu-19 futhi yahlala kuyo iminyaka engu-25, futhi kuphela ngemuva kwalokho yathatha umhlalaphansi. Isevisi yokubhaliswa yanikezwa imibuso yaseCossack eneminyaka engu-4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kanye njalo eminyakeni engu-5, uCossack wayebandakanyeka emakamu okuqeqesha nyangazonke, lapho aqinisekisa khona amakhono akhe okulwa. Wayephoqelelwe, ngoku-oda, ukuthi avele nesikhali sakhe, ihhashi lempi, amahanisi. Ekamu lokuqeqesha, kwakwenziwa izivivinyo zamasu, kwafundwa izikhali zesimanje, kwenziwa ukubhaliswa kokudubula, kanye nokutholakala kwehhashi.
Njengoba inkonzo iqhubeka, iCossack yaphakanyiswa ngezinga, yanikezwa ama-oda nezindondo. Kunama-epics amaningi nezinganekwane ngezibonelo zesibindi nobuqhawe beCossacks. Izenzo zika-Ataman M. Platov ezimpini zebutho likaNapoleon, uCossack Kozma Kryuchkov, owasebenza eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala futhi wanikezwa iSt.George Cross yokuqala, zafakwa njalo kwimemori yenzalo enokubonga. Isibonelo esisha isenzo seGeorgievsky Knight ephelele, iHero leSoviet Union K.I.Nedorubov phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, owafakazela ukusebenza kwamahhashi empini yemishini.
I-Cossacks ngamaqhawe nabalimi. Uhulumeni wama-tsarist uhlolisise umnikelo wezomnotho weCossacks kwisabelomali sombuso. Cossacks ngobuciko wasebenzisa imishini emisha yezolimo kanye nomanyolo. Isivuno ezindaweni zeCossack besiphezulu. Bakhuliswe kusukela ebuntwaneni ngesiko lokuhlonipha umsebenzi, bagcina amandla okuthumela ngaphandle okusanhlamvu waseRussia ezingeni elifanele. Futhi lokho bekuyinkonzo futhi.
Ungaba kanjani iCossack
E-Cossacks, ukwakheka kombuzo kubhekwa njengenhlamba. Ifomula yendabuko phakathi kwabo ukuthi umuntu angazalwa kuphela njengeCossack. Lapha sikhuluma ngokwethembeka enkumbulweni yamadlozi, ngomkhathi womndeni ohlonipha imisebenzi yobaba, nge-Orthodox - okuyisisekelo esidingekayo sokuziphatha. Imizamo yokuvuselela isithombe esinjalo sokukhuliswa yenziwa: Kwaqalwa amakilasi e-Cossack ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme, izinkampani zeCossack zahlelwa ebuthweni lesimanje, izikhundla zaseCossack nezikhundla, imiyalo nemiklomelo yabuyiselwa phakathi kwabalandeli bamasiko obuhlanga.
Kepha kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kancane kancane imfundo yesikole igudlukela emakilasini e-cadet, amasosha ebusheni awathathi kahle. Kumele sivume ukuthi akukho ukuzethemba okukhulu ekuvuseleleni nasekukhuleni okusha kwamaCossacks emphakathini wethu. Futhi isinqumo seziphathimandla sokuvuselela abakwaCossacks abahlupheka ngesikhathi sempi yombango iningi lezimonyo.
Ngemuva kokwenza isinqumo sokujoyina umphakathi weCossack, kuzodingeka ugcine imithetho embalwa:
- Okhethiweyo kufanele abe seminyakeni esemthethweni.
- Yiba yi-Orthodox.
- Sekela umbono we-Cossacks, wazi futhi uhloniphe amasiko namasiko abo.
- Yiba ngesimo sobulili sendabuko.
- Yiba nesifiso sokuzithandela.
- Ukujoyina umphakathi, kufanele uthumele isicelo esibhekiswe kwi-ataman yenhlangano eseduze yedolobhana noma yesifunda.
- Kuzodingeka izincomo ezivela kubantu ababili asebenenhlangano iminyaka emibili noma ngaphezulu.
- Udinga ukwethula nemibhalo ngemfundo, ezempi, imiklomelo (uma ikhona).
- Emhlanganweni waseCossack, ukuvota kwenzeka. Uma kuvunywa iningi lamavoti, umuntu omusha ufakwa enkathini yesivivinyo, lapho kudingekile ukuthi kufundwe umqulu, izinqumo, imithetho, iziyalezo, kanye nokubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yomphakathi.
- Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuhlolwa, uma wonke umuntu enelisekile, kwenziwa isiko lokuthwasa, lapho kumenywa khona umpristi, isikhulu, nabo bonke abamele inhlangano. Oqalayo uthola isitifiketi seCossack nemvume yokuphatha izikhali ezicijile.
Isakhiwo sevidiyo
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- UCossack ohunyushwe esuka olimini lwesiTurkic ungumuntu okhululekile, ozimele.
- AbakwaCossacks bazakhela "izifundazwe" zabo, ezibizwa ngamasosha - amabutho eZaporozhian, Don, neChervleniy Yar. I-Ukraine yanamuhla yakhiwa isuka kwesinye sezimo zombuso.
- Cossacks iqhaza ezimpini ohlangothini lwabantu abahlukahlukene: abaseTurkey, abasePoland, abaseRussia, ngisho amaJalimane.
- ISiberia yazi kahle ngokuhlukumeza amasosha aseCossack.
- Ifulegi leCossacks linemibala emithathu: ophuzi, obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lokhu kuwuphawu lobunye babantu abathathu - amaRussia, amaKalmyks, amaCossacks.
Cossacks ezweni lanamuhla - izici kanye nezibopho
Namuhla kunenhlangano ekhulayo yokuvuselelwa kweCossacks. Ukushisekela izwe iCossacks yanamuhla kube ngesinye sezithiyo ekusetshenzisweni okungalawuleki komcebo wezwe. Umphakathi wonkana ulahlekelwa yingxenye yawo yokuziphatha, futhi ubheka kancane kancane izibopho zomndeni. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukulalela izwi Cossacks zanamuhla.
Ukuvuselelwa kokuzibusa kwasendaweni nakho kuthola ukwesekwa emphakathini. Abamele Cossacks zanamuhla ngenkuthalo oqokiwe iziphathimandla zendawo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, bona ukuqapha ukukhuliswa kwesizukulwane esisha. I-Cossacks igada insimu ebaphathisiwe, isiza ekwakheni ukuthula komphakathi, futhi ilwe nokunganaki kweziphathimandla ngezidingo zezakhamizi, inkohlakalo.