ICairo Museum - indawo enkulu yokugcina izinto zasendulo zaseGibhithe
ICairo Museum iyindawo enkulu yokugcina izinto egcina iqoqo lezinto zakudala ezivela enkathini yasendulo yaseGibhithe. Lesi sikhungo sisenkabeni yenhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe, esigcawini saso esidumile iTahrir. Namuhla, inani lemibukiso emnyuziyamu lidlula i-160,000. Iqoqo elicebile lithatha izitezi ezimbili zesakhiwo, esidwetshwe ngaphandle ngokubomvu okukhanyayo.
Izinto ezethulwe eqoqweni zikuvumela ukuthi ukwazi ukulandelela umlando waseGibhithe lasendulo ngokugcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basitshela ngezici eziningi zokuphila, hhayi kuphela ngempucuko iyonke, kodwa nangezifunda ezingazodwana zezwe. Manje iziphathimandla zendawo zifuna ukuguqula iMnyuziyamu yaseCairo ibe yisikhungo samasiko esisezingeni lomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela ihehe ukunakwa okwengeziwe kule ndawo. Futhi muva nje ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisha sekuqalile, lapho igalari izothuthwa khona kungekudala.
Umlando wokudala
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, iGibhithe lagcwala abagibeli, abathi ngezinga elingakaze libonwe baqala ukuphanga izinto ezenziwe ngamathuna angoFaro. Imakethe emnyama kwakuwukuhweba okuthuthukayo kwezinto ezibalulekile ezebiwe ezindaweni zokuvubukula. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthekelisa izinto zobuciko zasendulo kwakungalawulwa yimithetho ethile, ngakho abaphangi bathengisa ngokuthula impango phesheya futhi bathola inzuzo ephezulu ngokumangazayo ngalokhu. Ukuze kulungiswe ngandlela thile lesi simo ngo-1835, iziphathimandla zezwe zanquma ukwakha uMnyango Wezinto Zakudala ZaseGibhithe kanye nenqolobane esemthethweni yezinto zakudala. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphinde yahlaselwa abaphangi kaninginingi.
U-Auguste Mariet, onguchwepheshe wase-Egyptologist waseFrance, wamangala ukuthi ngisho neziphathimandla zezwe zehluleka ukubhekana nabaphangi bamathuna, futhi wanquma ukulungisa lesi simo esibi yedwa. Ngo-1859, usosayensi wahola uMnyango Wezinto Zakudala zaseGibhithe futhi wathuthela iqoqo lawo elikhulu esifundeni iBulak saseCairo, esisogwini lweNayile lwesobunxele. Kulapha ngo-1863 lapho kwavulwa khona okokuqala iMnyuziyamu Yobuciko BaseGibhithe Lasendulo. Ngokuzayo, uMariet waphikelela ekwakhiweni kwesikhungo esikhudlwana, lapho izikhulu zaseGibhithe zavuma khona, kodwa ngenxa yezinkinga zezezimali kwahlehlisa iphrojekthi.
Ngo-1881, ngaphandle kokulinda ukwakhiwa kwesigcinamagugu esikhudlwana, uMariet washona futhi kwafakwa esinye isazi seGibhithe saseFrance - uGaston Maspero. Ngo-1984, kwaba nomncintiswano phakathi kwezinkampani zokwakha ukuklama ukwakhiwa kwe-Cairo Egyptian Museum yangakusasa. Ukunqoba kunqotshwe ngumdwebi wezakhiwo ovela eFrance uMarcel Durnon, owethule imidwebo yalesi sakhiwo, eyenziwe ku-bozar ye-neoclassical. Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sikhungo kwaqala ngo-1898 futhi kwathatha iminyaka emibili, ngemuva kwalokho izinto eziningi zobuciko zaqala ukuthunyelwa esakhiweni esisha.
Yebo, ngo-1902, kwavulwa iMnyuziyamu yaseGibhithe: lo mcimbi wawuhanjelwe nguPasha uqobo kanye namalungu omndeni wakhe, abamele ubukhosi basendaweni kanye nezikhulu ezithile zakwamanye amazwe. Umqondisi omkhulu wale mnyuziyamu, uGaston Maspero, naye ubekhona. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, abantu bokufika kuphela abasebenza njengenhloko yesikhungo, kwathi kuphela ngo-1950 umGibhithe wathatha izintambo okokuqala ngqa.
Ngokudabukisayo, kepha emlandweni wakamuva weMnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo, kuqoshwe amacala okwebiwa kwemibukiso ebalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2011, ngesikhathi semibuthano yezinguquko eGibhithe, ababhubhisi baphula amafasitela, bantshontsha imali ebhokisini futhi bathatha kubuciko obuyingqayizivele obungu-18 obungatholakali.
Ukuchazwa kweMnyuziyamu
ICairo Museum of Egyptian Antiquities isatshalaliswe ngaphezu kwezigaba ezimbili. Isitezi esiphansi sineRotunda ne-Atrium, kanye namahholo oMbuso wasendulo, ophakathi nendawo omusha. Izinto zobuciko ezivela enkathini ye-Amarna nazo zikhonjisiwe lapha. Iqoqo lihlelwe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke kufanele uqale ukujwayelana nalo ngokuhamba ngokwewashi ukusuka emnyango. Yimiphi imibukiso engabonakala esitezi sokuqala semnyuziyamu?
URotunda
Phakathi kwezinto eziboniswa eRotunda, umfanekiso oqoshwe ngamatshe amatshe kaFaro Djoser ufanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile, okwakufakwa ethuneni lombusi ngekhulu lama-27 BC. Ososayensi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi kwaba umbuso wakhe owaba umkhawulo ekuveleni kwe-Old Kingdom. Futhi eRotunda kuyathakazelisa ukubuka izithombe zikaRamses II - omunye woFaro abakhulu baseGibhithe, abadume ngempumelelo yakhe kwezepolitiki zangaphandle nezasekhaya. Nazi futhi izithombe ze-Amenhotep - umdwebi odumile nombhali woMbuso Omusha, owenziwa unkulunkulu ngemuva kokufa kwakhe.
I-Atrium
Emnyango, i-Atrium ikubingelela ngamathayili wokuhlobisa, akhombisa umcimbi obalulekile emlandweni we-Ancient Egypt - ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso emibili, eyasungulwa umbusi uMenes ngekhulu lama-31 BC. Uma ungena ujule ehholo, uzothola imibhoshongo (pyramidal) - amatshe anesimo sephiramidi, njengokujwayelekile, afakwa phezulu kakhulu kwamaphiramidi aseGibhithe. Lapha uzobona futhi i-sarcophagi eminingana evela eMbusweni Omusha, okuphakathi kwayo okuvelele ithuna likaMerneptah, elidume kakhulu ngokoma kwalo lokungafi.
Iminyaka yoMbuso Omdala
UMnyuziyamu waseGibhithe eCairo uhlinzeka ngokutholakala okungcono kakhulu kwesikhathi se-Old Kingdom (28-21 century BC) Ngaleso sikhathi, oFaro benkosi yesithathu neyesithupha babusa eGibhithe lasendulo, okwazile ukwakha umbuso onamandla. Lesi sikhathi saphawuleka ngokuchuma komnotho wezwe, ezombusazwe namasiko. Emahholo ungabheka izithombe eziningi zezikhulu ezibalulekile nezinceku zababusi. Okuthakazelisa ngokukhethekile yimifanekiso yensizwa eyake yanakekela ikhabethe likaFaro.
Kukhona nombukiso obaluleke njengentshebe ye-sphinx, noma kunalokho ucezu lwayo olude oluyimitha eli-1. Okuthakazelisayo yisithombe sikaTsarevich Rahotep, esidwetshiwe ngokubomvu, kanye nesithombe esinombala kakhilimu womkakhe uNefert onombala ophuzi. Umehluko ofanayo ngombala uvame kakhulu kubuciko baseGibhithe lasendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emahholo esikhathi sasendulo, kwethulwa ifenisha yasebukhosini kanye nomfanekiso owodwa we-Cheops ekusebenzeni kwe-portrait.
Isikhathi soMbuso Ophakathi
Lapha, imibukiso yeCairo Museum ihlehlela emuva emakhulwini we-21-17. BC, lapho amakhosi ango-11 no-12 opharahara ebusa. Le nkathi ibonakala ngokuvuka okusha, kepha ukuncipha kwamandla aphakathi nendawo. Mhlawumbe isithombe esivelele sesigaba kwakuyisithombe esibuhlungu sikaMentuhotep Nebhepetra esinezingalo eziwele, ezipendwe ngombala omnyama. Lapha futhi ungafunda ngezifanekiso eziyishumi zikaSenusret, ezalethwa lapha ngqo ethuneni lombusi.
Ngemuva kwehholo, kuyathakazelisa ukubuka uchungechunge lwezithombe ezincanyana ezinobuso obumangalisayo. Isibalo se-limestone esiphindwe kabili sika-Amenemkhet III naso siyahlaba umxhwele: uyaziwa ngokuzakhela amaphiramidi amabili ngasikhathi sinye, owodwa wawo ubumnyama. Yebo, ekuphumeni, kuyathakazelisa ukubuka izithombe ezibunjiwe ezinhlanu ezinamakhanda ezingonyama nobuso babantu.
Isikhathi soMbuso Omusha
I-Egyptian Museum of Antiquities eCairo ifaka umlando ophelele weNew Kingdom. Lesi sikhathi sihlanganisa inkathi yomlando kusuka maphakathi nekhulu le-16 kuya engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-11 BC. Iphawulwe ngokubusa kwamakhosi abalulekile - i-18, 19 ne-20. Isikhathi lesi sichazwa njengesikhathi seminyaka ephakeme kakhulu yempucuko yasendulo yaseGibhithe.
Okokuqala, kulesi sigaba, kudonswa ukunaka isithombe sikaHatshepsut, ufaro wesifazane owakwazi ukubuyisa izwe ngemuva kokugasela okubhubhisayo kweHyksos. Ngokushesha kwafakwa isithombe sendodana yakhe yokutholwa uThutmose III, owaduma ngemikhankaso yakhe eminingi yezempi. Kwelinye lamahholo kunama-sphinx amaningana anenhloko kaHatshepsut nezihlobo zakhe.
Izinsizakusebenza eziningana zingabonakala esigabeni seNew Kingdom. Okunye okuphawuleka kakhulu ukukhululeka kombala okulethwe ethempelini likaRamses II, okukhombisa umbusi othulisa izitha zaseGibhithe. Ekuphumeni uzothola isithombe sikaFaro ofanayo, kepha esivele sethulwe ngendlela yengane.
Isikhathi se-Amarna
Ingxenye enkulu yemibukiso yomnyuziyamu eCairo inikezelwe enkathini ye-Amarna. Lesi sikhathi kwaphawulwa ukubusa kukaFaro Akhenaten noNefertiti, owa ngekhulu le-14-13. BC. Ubuciko balesi sikhathi bubonakaliswa ngokucwiliswa okukhulu emininingwaneni yempilo yangasese yababusi. Ngaphezu kwezifanekiso ezijwayelekile ezisehholo, ungabona itshe elibonisa indawo yasekuseni noma, ngokwesibonelo, ithayili elibonisa ukuthi umbusi uwunyakazisa kanjani umbhede kadadewabo. Amafresco namathebulethi e-cuneiform nawo akhonjisiwe lapha. Ithuna lika-Akhenaten, lapho kufakwe khona ingilazi negolide imininingwane, lihlaba umxhwele.
Museum esitezi sesibili
Isitezi sesibili semnyuziyamu eCairo sinikezelwe kuFaro Tutankhamun kanye nezidumbu. Amakamelo amaningana agcinelwe izinto zobuciko ezihlobene ngqo nempilo nokufa kwenkosi yomfana, ukubusa kwayo akuhlalanga ngisho neminyaka eyishumi. Iqoqo lifaka izinto ze-1,700, kufaka phakathi izinto zomngcwabo ezitholakala ethuneni likaTutankhamun. Kulesi sigaba ungabheka isihlalo sobukhosi esigcotshiwe, ubucwebe, amabhasikithi, umbhede oqoshiwe, izitsha ze-alabhaster, iziphandla, izimbadada, izingubo nezinye izinto zasebukhosini.
Futhi esitezi sesibili kunamakamelo amaningana lapho kukhonjiswa khona izidumbu zezinyoni nezilwane, ezalethwa emnyuziyamu zisuka kuma-necropolises ahlukahlukene aseGibhithe. Kuze kube ngu-1981, elinye lamahholo lalinikezelwe ngokuphelele kwizidumbu zasebukhosini, kepha abaseGibhithe bacasulwa iqiniso lokuthi umlotha wababusi wawukhonjisiwe ukuze ubonwe ngabantu bonke. Ngakho-ke, bekufanele ivalwe. Kodwa-ke, namuhla wonke umuntu unethuba lemali eyengeziwe yokuvakashela igumbi lapho kufakwa khona izidumbu ezingama-11 zofaro. Ngokuyinhloko, izinsalela zababusi abadumile njengoRamses II noSeti I.
Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu
Imininingwane ewusizo
- Ikheli: Midan El Tahrir, Cairo, Egypt.
- Amahora wokuvula: kusukela ngoLwesithathu kuya kuLwesihlanu imnyuziyamu ivulwa kusukela ngo-09: 00 kuye ku-17: 00, ngoMgqibelo nangeSonto kusukela ngo-10: 00 kuye ku-18: 00. Kuvaliwe ngoMsombuluko nangoLwesibili.
- Imali yokungena: ithikithi labantu abadala - $ 9, ithikithi lezingane (kusuka eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kwengu-9 ubudala) - $ 5, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-4 zikhululekile.
- Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: https://egyptianmuseum.org.
Izintengo ekhasini zingezikaMashi 2020.
Amathiphu awusizo
Uma ngabe ukhangwe yincazelo nesithombe se-Cairo Museum, futhi ucabanga ngokuvakashela lesi sikhungo, qiniseka ukuthi unaka izincomo eziwusizo ezingezansi.
- ICairo Museum inezindlu zangasese zamahhala, kepha izintokazi ezihlanzayo zizama ukukhohlisa izivakashi ngokubacela ukuthi bakhokhe ukusebenzisa izindlu zangasese. Uma uzithola usesimweni esinjalo, zizwe ukhululekile ukwenqaba ukukhokha futhi ungabanaki abakhohlisi.
- EMnyuziyamu waseCairo, ukuthwebula izithombe kuvunyelwe ngaphandle kwe-flash. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kunqatshelwe ukudubula esigabeni noTutankhamun.
- Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi uma uthenga uhambo oluya eMnyuziyamu waseCairo, umhlahlandlela wakho uzokunika isikhathi esincane sokubuka imibukiso. Ngeke nje ube nesikhathi sokutadisha kahle iqoqo. Ngakho-ke, uma kungenzeka, hlela ukuvakasha okuzimele kokukhanga.
- Ungafika e-Cairo Museum uwedwa ngemetro, wehle esiteshini saseSadat. Ngemuva kwalokho udinga ukulandela izimpawu.
Ukuhlolwa kwamahholo amakhulu eMnyuziyamu waseCairo: