I Reichstag eBerlin - ukwethuka kobuFascism kanye nophawu lweJalimane elihlangene
Reichstag eBerlin ... Abantu emhlabeni wonke bayazi ngobukhona balesi sakhiwo, kepha hhayi wonke umuntu uyawazi umlando waso. Yini iReichstag yaseJalimane, yakhiwa kanjani, ibukeka kanjani manje, isho ukuthini ngeJalimane?
Igama elithi "Reichstag" ngesiJalimane lisho "umhlangano wombuso", futhi bekuyiphalamende lombuso woMbuso WaseJalimane obizwa nge- "Reichstag" ebelisebenza kulesakhiwo kusukela ngo-1894 kuya ku-1933. Manje umzimba onjalo awusekho, kusukela ngo-1999 uhulumeni omusha weFederal Republic of Germany - iBundestag - ubesebenza eReichstag.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Igama laleli bhilidi belihlale libhalwa ngofeleba, ngofeleba, kuyilapho igama lephalamende elisebenza kulo lalibhalwa ngesincane.
Manje iReichstag enhlokodolobha yaseJalimane iBerlin ingenye yezindawo ezikhangayo ezibaluleke kakhulu edolobheni. Lesi sakhiwo siheha abantu abaningi ngomlando waso ocebile owedlule, oxhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomlando waseJalimane nemicimbi yeMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Reichstag umlando
Ngo-1871, izifundazwe eziningana ezizimele lapho kwakuhlala khona abantu baseJalimane, zahlangana futhi zakha izwe lombuso woMbuso WaseJalimane. Kulomcimbi, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwakha isakhiwo esihle kakhulu lapho iphalamende lombuso omusha lingahlala khona. Indawo efaneleke kakhulu yesakhiwo esinjalo eBerlin kwakuyiKaiser Square osebeni lomfula. Kodwa isikwele sasiphethwe ngumnikazi wesifundazwe uRadzinsky, futhi akazange anikeze imvume yokwakha. Kuphela iminyaka engu-3 ngemuva kokushona kukazakwabo, bakwazi ukuthola imvume endodaneni yakhe.
Qala
Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo seReichstag eBerlin kwaqala ngoJuni 1884, futhi "itshe lokuqala" elingokomfanekiso labekwa nguKaiser Wilhelm I. Umsebenzi wokwakha uthathe iminyaka eyi-10 futhi waqedwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaKaiser Wilhelm II.
Kulesi sakhiwo esisha, esakhiwe ngokuhambisana nephrojekthi kaPaul Wallot, kusetshenziswe yonke impumelelo yezobuchwepheshe ngaleso sikhathi: ukufudumeza okuphakathi nendawo nezinzwa zokushisa, abalandeli bakagesi, amapayipi amanzi, i-generator kagesi, izingcingo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Izimpawu ezingama-24,000,000 zisetshenzisiwe emsebenzini wokwakha.
Ngo-1916, ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kwavela umbhalo omusha odongeni olungaphandle olungaphambili lwesakhiwo, oluthathwa njengophawu lobunye baseJalimane. "Kubantu baseJalimane" - yilokho okubhalwe kuReichstag eBerlin.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 kwamenyezelwa ukwakhiwa kweRiphabhliki yeWeimar, uhulumeni wazo ozinze eReichstag.
Umlilo ka-1933
Ezinsukwini zokugcina zikaFebhuwari 1933, kwaqubuka umlilo eReichstag. Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi ngubani owashisa lesi sakhiwo, kepha amaNational Socialists aletha amacala kumakhomanisi - yindlela uHitler nabalingani bakhe ababebhekana ngayo nabaphikisana nabo kwezepolitiki.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Umlilo, ukuqedwa kwamakhomanisi kanye nokuphakama kukaHitler kwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokhetho lwasePhalamende - behlelwa ngoMashi 5.
Idome yalungiswa kancane, futhi ihholo lenqwaba kanye namagceke aseduze, ahlukumezeka kakhulu, anqunywa ukuthi angathintwa. Ingxenye eyinhloko yendawo ayizange ithinteke emlilweni nhlobo, futhi kusukela ngo-1935 abaphathi beReichstag basebenza lapho, kwahlelwa imibukiso ehlukahlukene yenkulumo-ze.
Isikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba
Kusukela ngo-1939, izakhiwo zeReichstag zazisetshenziswa ngasikhathi sinye ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene: kwakukhona indawo yokukhosela ngamabhomu (kulokhu, wonke amawindi abiyelwe), isibhedlela sasisebenza, kwakukhona isibhedlela sabakhulelwe esitezi esingaphansi, i-AEG yayihlanganyela ekukhiqizeni amalambu kagesi, nemibhoshongo esekhoneni yaguqulwa yaba yizinto ezilwa nezindiza.
Uhulumeni waseSoviet umemezele iReichstag uphawu oluyinhloko lweJalimane lamaNazi, futhi ekupheleni kwempi, kwaba nezimpi ezinkulu kakhulu nxazonke zayo. Amasosha aseSoviet alinganisa ukubhujiswa kweReichstag ngokunqoba i-fascism. Ifulegi lokuqala elibomvu laphakanyiswa phezu kwalesi sakhiwo kusihlwa ngo-Ephreli 30, 1945, futhi kwaphakanyiswa amanye amabhanela amabili ebusuku. Isibhengezo sesine, esivele ekuseni ngoMeyi 1, saziwa njengeVictory Banner.
Njengobufakazi bokunqoba kwabo, amasosha eSoviet Army ashiye imibhalo eminingi ezindongeni zeReichstag. Lawa kwakungamabizo nezikhundla zamasosha, amagama amadolobha akubo, kanye nemibhalo eqoshiwe eyihlazo kakhulu.
Ihlukaniswe ngemuva kwempi eJalimane
Ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, iReichstag eyonakele yaphela eNtshonalanga Berlin, futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1954 yahlala icishe yakhohlwa. Banaka kuphela ngoba kwakukhona usongo lokuwa kwezinsalela zedome. Ukuvimbela inhlekelele ukuthi ingenzeki, idome yeReichstag eBerlin yaqhunyiswa nje.
Ngokushesha kwathathwa isinqumo sokwenza umsebenzi wokuvuselela, kepha bekungelula ukuthi kuvunyelwane ngenhloso yokusebenzisa lesi sakhiwo. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wokubuyisela waqala cishe eminyakeni engama-20 kamuva. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinto eziningi zokuhlobisa zasuswa ezindongeni, ihholo lenhlangano labuyiselwa ngokuphelele, futhi ekugcineni kwanqunywa ukungabuyiswa kwedome.
Ngo-1971, isivumelwano samaqembu amane maqondana neWest Berlin samukelwa yizizwe ezanqoba. Ngokuhambisana nayo, iBundestag yayingavunyelwe ukwenza umsebenzi kuReichstag. Imihlangano yamaqembu nemicimbi ngokuhlanganyela kwabahambeli abavela eBonn yayihlelwa ngezikhathi ezithile lapho.
Ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kweJalimane
Ehlobo lika-1991, izinyanga eziyi-7 ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa kabusha kweJalimane, iBundestag yathatha isakhiwo seReichstag ngomsebenzi waso. Kuthathe okunye ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesakhiwo esinomlando.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Kumenyezelwe umncintiswano eBerlin wokukhetha umakhi wezakhiwo ozohola ukulungiswa. Kutholwe izicelo ezingama-80. Ophumelele kwaba yiNgisi uNorman Foster, inkosi ngokuzalwa, efundiswe njengomakhi wezakhiwo.
Ngokusho kwephrojekthi yokuqala yokulungisa, uphahla lweReichstag bekumele luhlale lucabalele, lungabi nalutho. Kepha kulokhu, lesi sakhiwo besingazobukeka sisihle, ngakho-ke umkhandlu weBundestag uthathe isinqumo sokuthi kufanele kube khona ingilazi enkulu.
UNorman Foster ukwazile ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi enjalo evumele ukuhlangana ngokuvumelanayo kuReichstag imininingwane yayo ebalulekile yomlando nokuvuleka kwamanje kwezakhiwo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Imisebenzi yokwakha kabusha ibiza amamaki ayizigidi ezingama-600.
I Reichstag yavulwa ngo-1999.
Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu
Indlela iBundestag ebukeka ngayo namuhla
Uma ubheka isithombe seReichstag eBerlin namuhla, kungaphawulwa ukuthi ingaphandle le-facade lenzelwe isitayela se-Ancient Rome: emnyango kunezinsika ezinamandla ezine-portico, i-bas-reliefs. Le mibhoshongo inezithombe eziyi-16 ezifanekisa ezibonisa izici ezahlukahlukene zempilo yaseJalimane.
Manje Reichstag Isakhiwo eBerlin sehlukaniswe ngamazinga:
- phansi - ubuchwepheshe, lapho kutholakala khona imishini yobuchwepheshe;
- izinga lokuqala kuhlala ihhovisi likanobhala wePhalamende;
- igumbi elikhulu lokuhlanganela esitezi sesibili;
- isitezi sesithathu esenzelwe izivakashi;
- esitezi sesine - i-presidium;
- isitezi sesihlanu - iqhezu;
- ithala lophahla nedome enkulu esobala.
Ukuze uthole ukuma okulula, umbono womculi uPer Arnoldi wagcwaliseka: isitezi ngasinye sineminyango ependwe ngopende wombala othile.
Ngisho nasesithombeni uyabona ukuthi isakhiwo seReichstag eBerlin manje sibukeka sikhanya ngokumangazayo, futhi lokhu kusenziwa ngezinga laso lonke! Umphumela wokukhanya wakhiwa ngenxa yezinto zesimanje ezazisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni: ukhonkolo wokuhlobisa, amatshe emvelo amhlophe namanani we-beige anombala wesiliva, izakhiwo zensimbi ezibonakala zingenasisindo, izindawo eziningi ezicwebezelisiwe.
Dome
Njengoba sekushiwo, umhlobiso oyinhloko weReichstag kwakuyidome enkulu, amamitha angama-23.5 ukuphakama namamitha angama-40 ububanzi. Yenziwe ngensimbi, ingilazi ehlala isikhathi eside, nezibuko ezikhethekile ezivumela ukukhanya kudlule. Ukusobala kwengilazi kuyashintsha kuye ngokukhanya okukhona futhi kulungiswa ngokuzenzakalela kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwekhompyutha. Ingxenye emaphakathi yedome ihlale ifanele yengilazi - lokhu akuyona nje into yokuhlobisa yesikhathi esizayo, kodwa yingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokonga amandla lwesakhiwo.
Emaceleni kwedome kukhona ithala elibanzi elingatholwa yinoma ngubani ofuna ukubona isakhiwo esiyindilinga esikhulu eduze. Eqinisweni, ithala liyindawo yokubuka lapho ungabona khona igumbi lomhlangano futhi ubuke indawo enhle kakhulu yaseBerlin. Esimweni sezulu esihle, izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zitholakala kumthamo weReichstag eBerlin.
Kunemigwaqo emibili yabahamba ngezinyawo evulekile kanye namakheshi amabili amakhulu aholela kudome nethala.
Iseluleko! Eceleni kwedome kukhona indawo yokudlela yaseKafer, eyamukela izivakashi kusukela ngo-9: 00 kuye ku-16: 30 nango-18: 00 kuye ku-0: 00. Kungcono ukubhuka itafula kusengaphambili!
Udonga lwememori
KuReichstag kukhona "Izindonga Zememori" eziningana - lezo ezibizwa ngokuthi izingcezu zezindawo lapho imibhalo yamasosha aseSoviet igcinwe khona kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili. IBundestag idingide ukuthi kungenzeka kususwe imibhalo ngesikhathi kusakhiwa kabusha, kepha iningi livote ngokumelene nalesi sinyathelo.
Yize kunjalo, "ukubuyiselwa kwamagrafiti aseSoviet" kwenzeke: basusa imibhalo ngokuqukethwe okuyihlazo nokubandlulula, kwasala imibhalo eyishumi nanhlanu. Emikhondweni ethi "Walls of Memory" yokusha, "ama-autographs" ezinhlamvu, abhalwe ngamasosha amagama abo nezikhundla zabo zamasosha kugcinwe.
Ukuvikela yonke imibhalo ebhalwe phansi kusuka kusimo sezulu esibi nakulabo abacekela phansi indawo, udonga lwalumbozwe ngesisombululo esikhethekile esinengilazi.
Izithombe zemidwebo esodongeni lweReichstag eBerlin ziyatholakala kwi-Intanethi nakwabezindaba abaningi bokuphrinta. Izivakashi ezivakashela iReichstag zingazibuka "bukhoma". Kepha khumbula ukuthi cishe yonke imidwebo ingaphakathi kwesakhiwo, lapho ungahamba khona nomhlahlandlela kuphela.
Ungafika kanjani kuReichstag
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! IBundestag yaseJalimane yiphalamende elihanjelwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokwezibalo, kusuka ngo-2002 kuya ku-2016, ivakashelwe izivakashi ezingama-35.3 million.
IReichstag imi cishe maphakathi neBerlin, ikheli yileli: Platz der Republik 1, 10557 Berlin, Germany.
Ngabe isivakashi singafika kanjani eReichstag eBerlin? " - lo mbuzo uheha abaningi. Izinhlelo ezilandelayo seziyatholakala kubavakashi:
- inkulumo (imizuzu engama-45) kugalari ebheke igumbi eligcwele, kulandelwe ukuvakashela edome;
- ukuvakashela edome nokuvakasha kweReichstag (imizuzu engama-90), kuhambisana nomhlahlandlela;
- vakashela edome nasekubukeni emphemeni (ngesiqondisi somsindo).
Ungafinyelela kunoma yiziphi zalezi zinhlelo mahhala, kepha kuphela ngokuqokwa - udinga ukubhalisa cishe izinyanga eziyi-1-3 ngaphambi kohambo oluhleliwe. Ukubhaliswa kweReichstag eBerlin kwenziwa ehhovisi lezokuvakasha elikhethekile eliseduze nokukhanga, kanye nakuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeBundestag https://www.bundestag.de/en. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungcono ukuvula ikhasi ngokushesha ukuze ubhale https://visite.bundestag.de/BAPWeb/pages/createBookingRequest/viewBasicInformation.jsf?lang=en.
Lapho wenza i-aphoyintimenti yohambo oluya eReichstag eBerlin, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhombisa yonke idatha kahle, ngoba emnyango bahlola ngokucophelela amapasipoti nezimemo. Isimemo sithunyelwa ngeposi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwesicelo esiku-inthanethi, futhi kufanele siphrintwe.
Iseluleko! Lapho wenza isicelo, kufanele ukhombise ulimi lohambo. Ukuvakasha ngesiRashiya kuyabanjwa, kepha hhayi kaningi, futhi uma iqembu lingabuthwa, lolu hambo lungakhanselwa ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukukhetha isiNgisi, ikakhulukazi njengoba ungasebenzisa umhlahlandlela womsindo ngesiRashiya mahhala.
IReichstag eseBerlin ivulekele izivakashi nsuku zonke kusuka ngo-8: 00 kuye ku-24: 00, ukungena kokugcina kungo-21: 45. Udinga ukufika imizuzu eyi-15 ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe esimemweni ukuze ube nesikhathi sokudlula yonke inqubo yokuqinisekisa.
Uhambo oluqondisiwe lweReichstag