Isakhiwo sethempeli laseKarnak - "ingobo yomlando" yase-Egypt yasendulo

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Ithempeli laseKarnak liyindawo elandelayo ethandwa kakhulu izivakashi eGibhithe ngemuva kwemipiramidi yaseGiza. Ithempeli lisedolobheni laseKarnak, ebhange elingakwesokudla leNayile, amakhilomitha ayi-2.5 enyakatho neLuxor.

Kunembile kakhulu ukubiza lo mlando ngokuthi uyinkimbinkimbi noma iqoqo lamathempeli eKarnak, ngoba lolu luchungechunge oluphelele lwezakhiwo ezinkulu zenkolo. Isakhiwo sethempeli laseKarnak lazo zonke izakhiwo ezifanayo eGibhithe yisilinganiso esikhulu kunazo zonke, sibukeka njengedolobha elihlukile futhi, empeleni, siyimnyuziyamu ovulekile wangempela. Insimu okusatshalaliswe kuyo izakhiwo inendawo enkulu eyi-1.5 km x 700 m.

Kuyathakazelisa! Ukubaluleka nokuhluka kwethempeli laseKarnak laseGibhithe lasendulo kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi kusukela ngo-1979 (kanye neNecropolis of Thebes kanye neThempeli laseLuxor) lifakwe ohlwini lwe-UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Inkomba yomlando

Ukwakhiwa kweqembu lenkolo elaziwa ngokuthi ithempeli eKarnak kwaqala cishe ngekhulu lama-20 BC. futhi yathatha amakhulu eminyaka ayi-13. Umsebenzi wokwakha wenziwa ngaphansi kukafaro wabo bonke ubukhosi balezo zikhathi, futhi ngenkathi yamaGrikhi namaRoma: umbusi wokugcina owakha endaweni yenkambankosi kwakungu-Emperor waseRoma uDomitian (81-96 AD).

Ngokuhamba kwamakhulu eminyaka ayi-13, ngamunye wamaharahara angama-30 ngandlela thile wakhulisa, wakha kabusha noma wahlobisa izakhiwo zenkolo zaleli qembu. Ngasikhathi sinye, cishe wonke umuntu wazama ukudlula ababengaphambi kwakhe, futhi abanye baze babhubhise ngokuphelele inkumbulo yabo, babhubhise okwadalwa phambilini.

Izindonga zezakhiwo kanye nama-pylon, amakholomu ambozwe izithombe zosizo zezimpi nonkulunkulu, kanye nemibhalo eqoshiwe yemicimbi yeNew Kingdom. Bonke oFaro babezama ukufaka amagama abo, umlando wabo kanye nezenzo zabo emibhalweni enjalo. Le mibhalo iheha izivakashi eziningi ezifuna ukuthola isithombe esihle nesingafani nethempeli laseKarnak.

Kuyathakazelisa! Izindawo zokukhulekela eKarnak zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izinqolobane zamatshe zaseGibhithe lasendulo."

Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi

Njengomphumela womsebenzi wokwakha, owathatha ingqikithi yamakhulu eminyaka ayi-13, lesi sakhiwo asitholanga isikali esikhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esinezinqwaba zezakhiwo nezinkulungwane zezithombe.

Ithempeli lasendulo laseGibhithe eKarnak liyinhlanganisela yezingxenye ezintathu ezinikezelwe konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene beTheban triad:

unkulunkulu ophakeme u-Amon-Ra;
umkakhe, uQueen Mut;
indodana yabo Khons, unkulunkulu wenyanga.

Okubalulekile! Ukumbiwa kwemivubukulo, okwaqala endaweni yalesi sakhiwo ngekhulu le-19, kusaqhubeka. Mayelana nalokhu, indawo engcwele kuphela enikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amon evulekele izivakashi. Zonke ezinye izakhiwo - indawo engcwele enikezelwe kunkosikazi ka-Amon-Ra, unkulunkulukazi uMut, nendawo engcwele yokuhlonipha unkulunkulu Khonsu - isavaliwe emphakathini. Kepha asikho isidingo sokucasuka, ngoba yithempeli likankulunkulu u-Amun elithakazelisa kakhulu, futhi indawo yalo inkulu impela - abaningi bayakhathala, bayihlola.

Indawo Engcwele ye-Amun-Ra

Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yokuhlangana eKarnak yithempeli likankulunkulu u-Amun, insimu yakhe esesimweni sikanxantathu ezinamacala amamitha angama-530, 515, 530 no-610.

Indlela Engcwele iholela ethempelini - leli yigama lomhosha onama-sphinx anekhanda lenqama (izinqama zibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezenziwe ngu-Amun). Kukhona okuhehayo kule ndawo, okungaziwa kuyo yonke imikhombandlela: ayikhanyi, kepha ibaluleke kakhulu emibhalweni yemivubukulo. Sikhuluma ngodonga oluvikele izakhiwo ukuthi zingakhukhulakali lapho umfula iNayile ugcwala. Ezindongeni zayo, kwenziwa amanothi mayelana nokuphakama kokuchitheka - manje le datha isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ososayensi ukuqonda kangcono umlando waseGibhithe.

Umgwaqo onama-sphinxes anenhloko yenqama uholela esangweni lokuqala (i-pylon) elikhulu kunawo wonke ethempelini, ngesimo sephiramidi elincishisiwe elingamamitha angama-44 ubude namamitha ayi-113 ububanzi. Mhlawumbe lesi yisakhiwo esincane kunazo zonke emhlanganweni, ukwakhiwa kwaso kwaqala ngonyaka ka-340 BC. Ngemuva kwepylon kunendawo ebanzi engunxande engamamitha angama-85 x 100.

Uma ujikela ngakwesokudla ungene emnyango, uzobona ithempeli likaRamses III, othathwa njengomunye woFaro abakhulu kunabo bonke baseGibhithe lasendulo. Izenzo zikaRamses III zichazwe ezindongeni zaleli bhilidi, kanti ngaphakathi kukhona izithombe ezimvezayo.

IHholo lekholomu

Kancane ngakwesobunxele komnyango wethempeli likaRamses III kukhona elinye isango - iBubastit. Kungemuva kwabo ukuthi enye yezinto ezivelele zethempeli lika-Amon-Ra eKarnak itholakala - iHholo elihle kakhulu lekholomu, ukwakhiwa kwalo okwaqala ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaFaro Horemheb, futhi ukuhlobisa nokumboza ngemibhalo kwenzeka vele ngaphansi kweSeti I noRamses II. Ekuqaleni, iHholo Lamakholomu lalinophahla, kepha manje sekunezinsika kuphela, ezishaya ngobuhle bazo. Bangu-134 sebebonke, futhi bakleliswe emigqeni eyi-16: emaphakathi iphakama ukuphakama ngamamitha angama-24 futhi inebhande lamamitha ayi-10, okusele kuncane kakhulu.

I-Botanical Garden nezinye izinto ezikhangayo

Ama-pylon, atholakala ngemuva kweHholo Lamakholomu futhi aholele ekujuleni kwendlu engcwele kankulunkulu u-Amun, akhombisa ukuthi le ndawo yanda kanjani. Izindonga eziwohlokile sezenze i-labyrinth ebabazekayo enezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemifino, izithombe zikapharooh nama-obelisk. Kuleyo ngxenye yethempeli laseKarnak eGibhithe, elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amoni, kunezinto eziningi ezithokozisayo:

I-Red Chapel - izigcawu zemihlatshelo nemikhosi yenkolo yabaseGibhithe iboniswa ezindongeni zayo;
igceke elincane le-Amenhotep III, elibekwe phakathi kwesango lesithathu nelesine, line-obelisk elimi lodwa;
"Umkhumbi ongcwele" kaRamses II;
ngemuva kwepylon lesine kune-obelisk egwadle engamamitha angama-30 enikezelwe kuNdlovukazi uHatshepsut.

Ama-Sun Hall atholakala ngemuva kwamasango wesithathu nawesine eThempeli lase-Amun eKarnak, elihle kunawo wonke yiBotanical Garden. Ihholo lithole leli gama ngemidwebo eqoshwe yezitshalo nezilwane ezihlanganisa izindonga zalo ngobuningi. Phakathi kwezithombe kukhona abamele izimbali nezilwane zesiGodi saseNayile, kanye nabamele abangaphandle kwezilwane ezivela emazweni anqotshwe nguThutmose III.

Bude buduze nothango lwasenyakatho kunethempeli eliphansi likankulunkulu uPtah, elakhiwa ngaphansi kukaThutmose III. Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo kunesithombe esihle esenziwe nge-granite esibonisa unkulunkulukazi uSokhmet.

Thola AMANANI noma ubhukhe noma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli fomu

Isifanekiso seScarab seChibi elingcwele

Kancane kancane eningizimu yengxenye emaphakathi yethempeli likankulunkulu u-Amoni, kwake kwaba khona ichibi elingcwele (120 x 77 m). Eceleni kwalo kwakukhona isakhiwo okwakugcinwa kuso amahansi - eGibhithe abhekwa njengezinyoni ezingcwele zikankulunkulu u-Amun. Manje ichibi selomile, amahansi awasagcinwa, futhi azikho nezakhiwo.

Kodwa kunesithombe esikhulu segwadle sebhungane, esifakwe ngu-Amenhotep III. EGibhithe, i-scarab ibizwa ngokuthi yisinambuzane esingcwele, ifanekisela ukuvuka nokungafi, ngoba, ngokusho kwabaseGibhithe, ingazivuselela njengo-Amun nabanye onkulunkulu.

Kuyathakazelisa! Inganekwane endala ithi uma uzungeza itshe lesikhumba, ulithinte ngesandla sakho, khona-ke noma yisiphi isifiso osenzayo sizogcwaliseka. Intombazane efuna ukushada kumele izungeze itshe lesikhumbuzo amahlandla ama-3. Umbhangqwana ofuna ingane - izikhathi ezingu-9. Kuzo zonke ezinye izifiso, kusethwe "okujwayelekile" kwemibuthano engu-7. Futhi uma ngasikhathi sinye umuntu esathatha ingcosana yesihlabathi ogwini lwechibi elingcwele, khona-ke uzothola inhlanhla kukho konke.

Funda futhi: U-Abu Simbel uyithempeli likaRamses II, "elalifihle" iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu.

Izakhiwo zeNdlovukazi Mut noNkulunkulu Khonsu

Ingxenye yenkolo yenkolo enikezelwe kuNdlovukazi Mut iseningizimu-ntshonalanga yethempeli lika-Amon-Ra futhi lixhunywe kuyo yigceke lamagceke ahlukahlukene kanye nama-pylon. Ukusuka emasangweni adlulele kakhulu, aseningizimu wethempeli likankulunkulu u-Amun kuya ethempelini likaMut, kukhona umgwaqo wamamitha angama-350 onama-sphinx anenhloko enqama.

Indawo yetabernakele leNdlovukazi Mut icishe iphindwe kane kunendawo yomhlangano onikezelwe kunkulunkulu u-Amon-Ra. Isakhiwo esiphakathi lapha yithempeli likankulunkulukazi uMut, elakhiwe ngaphansi kweSeti I. Ezinhlangothini ezintathu, lesi sakhiwo sizungezwe idamu lemvelo ebelikhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.

Eduze kwesakhiwo esiphakathi kukhona "isibhedlela sokubeletha" sikaRamses III nethempeli likankulunkulu uKamutef.

Ehlangothini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeqoqo lezenkolo eKarnak kumi ithempeli laseKhonsu, elinikezelwe kunkulunkulu wenyanga uKhonsu - lelo kwakuyigama lendodana yonkulunkulu u-Amon noMut. Lesi sakhiwo simnyama ngaphakathi futhi sinesiphetho esibi.

Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu

Ukuhamba okuvela eHurghada: izindleko, uhlelo, ubude besikhathi

Ukuhambela eLuxor ngokuvakashela iThempeli laseKarnak kuhlelwe cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo e-Egypt. Uhlelo lokuvakasha lungafaka ukuvakashelwa kwezindawo ezihehayo ezahlukahlukene: amathempeli aseLuxor naseKarnak "edolobheni labaphilayo", amathempeli kaPrincess Hatshepsut no-Amon-Ra enecolossi engaqondakali yaseMemnon "edolobheni labafileyo" lababusi baseGibhithe, iBanana Island, imboni ye-alabaster, imboni kawoyela.

Ngokubheka ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo lohambo oluhlelwayo, isikhathi sohambo singahluka (iziqondisi zivame ukwabela amahora ama-2-3 wamathempeli aseKarnak naseLuxor). Umgwaqo osuka eHurghada nawo uthatha isikhathi esiningi (cishe amahora angama-3.5-4 ngesitobhi esisodwa sokudla kwasekuseni eduze kwekhefi), ngakho-ke ukuhamba kuvame ukuhlelwa cishe ngo-5: 30.

Iseluleko! Okuvelayo okuningi, amandla amangalisayo amahle, izithombe zekhadi leposi elikhanyayo - bonke abavakashi abake baba lapho babheka iThempeli laseKarnak eGibhithe njengokumele livakashelwe! Ohambweni, nakanjani kufanele uthathe amanzi okuphuza, njengoba uhambo lwenzeka ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo futhi kufanele uhambe ibanga elide.

Ikuphi indawo engcono yokuthenga i-excursion (futhi izindleko zayo zincike kuyo) wonke umuntu kumele azinqumele. Kukhona izinketho eziningana, futhi ngamunye wabo, izivakashi ziqaphela izinzuzo ezithile kanye nemibi ethile:

Ungahamba no-opharetha wakho wokuvakasha, abameleli bakhe abahlala ehhotela njalo. Yize iziqondiso zabavakashi zingasebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi, abaningi babona inzuzo enjalo njengokuphepha: baqinisekisiwe ukuthi bazobuyiselwa ehhotela futhi nomshwalense wokuhamba uqinisekisiwe. Ukuvakasha kule ndawo kuyabiza kakhulu - kuya ngokugcwaliswa kohlelo no-opharetha wokuvakasha, u- $ 70-100 kumuntu omdala. Intengo ifaka ukudluliswa kwebhasi, amathikithi okungena, izinsizakalo zomhlahlandlela, isidlo sasemini.
Ungathenga ukuvakasha okuqondisiwe kwethempeli laseKarnak eGibhithe kusuka kwenye yezinhlangano zokuvakasha zendawo. Isibonelo, enkabeni yeHurghada, kuMamsha Street, kunezinhlangano eziningi zokuvakasha namahhovisi athengisa izindawo zokuvakasha ezinamalayisense, njengabahambi bezokuvakasha. Banikela ngohambo olufanayo oluhlelwe kahle, kepha inani elilodwa nengxenye lishibhile kunalelo labasebenza kakhulu. Intengo yohambo ifaka ezokuhamba, amathikithi ezikhangayo, izinsizakalo zomhlahlandlela, isidlo sasemini. Into esemqoka ukuthi asikho isithiyo solimi esinesiqondisi, futhi cishe wonke umuntu uyazi isiRussia ezinkampanini ezinjalo.

Kunemihlahlandlela yangasese eminingi ekhuluma isiRussia ehlala eHurghada ekulungele ukuhambisana namaqembu ezivakashi, kepha futhi ingahlela izinkambo ezithile ezithokozisayo. Futhi bakwenza kabili ukushibhile kunama-opharetha amakhulu wokuvakasha. Ungathola umhlahlandlela onjalo kwi-Intanethi futhi uxoxe naye konke ngezincwadi eziku-inthanethi, banikela nangezinsizakalo zabo "emgwaqeni" - emabhishi nasemahhotela aseduze. Kepha izivakashi eziningi zibheka le nketho yohambo oluya ethempelini laseKarnak lungaphephile njengakumuntu ohambela izindawo.