"Kusukela eziqongweni kuya ezimpandeni" - amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngokucubungula isithombo sebhitrudi
I-Sugar beet (i-Beta vulgaris saccharifera L.) iyimifino yezimpande enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu (kufika ku-20%) we-sucrose, okwenza kube isivuno sezimboni esibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ushukela.
Imfucuza etholwe ngokucutshungulwa kukashukela isithombo sebhitrudi nayo ibalulekile futhi iyasetshenziswa embonini yokudla, ekufuyeni izilwane nasekuvundiseni umhlabathi, okuthuthukisa ukuzala kwawo nokwakheka kwawo. Ngemininingwane engaphezulu ngokusebenzisa isivuno sezimpande, bona i-athikili.
Kukuziphi izimboni futhi kwenziwa kanjani imifino eRussia?
Ukusetshenziswa kweshukela isithombo sebhitrudi kunezinto eziningi.
Isetshenziswa ku:
- ukukhiqizwa kukashukela;
- Imboni Yezokudla;
- ukufuya izilwane;
- ezokwenza imithi;
- amandla.
Ukugxila okuyinhloko kukhiqizwa kukashukela. Ukusingathwa okwenziwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza kusetshenziswa kwezolimo ukukhiqizwa kokuphakelayo.
Emkhakheni wokudla - ekukhiqizeni imvubelo notshwala. Kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-microorganism, kutholakala i-lactic ne-citric acid - izinto zokusetshenziswa zezimboni zokudla nezemithi. I-Monosodium glutamate, amavithamini, i-streptomycin kanye ne-penicillin nakho kufanelekile ukucutshungulwa kwalesi siko.
Emkhakheni wamandla, ishukela isithombo sebhitrudi sisebenza njengomunye umthombo we-biogas - methane. Ithani likashukela sebhitrudi likhiqiza cishe ama-cubic metres ayi-80 we-biomethane, ithani elilodwa leziqongqo, ukuqhathanisa - ama-84 m³.
1 kg yezitshalo zezimpande iqukethe i-0.25, futhi eziqongweni - amayunithi we-0.20 feed, ahambelana no-0.25 no-0.2 kg wama-oats.
Ukuqhathanisa: 1 kg yama-oats angaguqulwa emzimbeni wesilwane ube ngama-150 g wamafutha.
Usebenzisa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zemifino
Konke kuyigugu kulesi sitshalo sezimpande - "kusuka eziqongweni kuya ezimpandeni". Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, iziqongo ziyasikwa futhi zigcinwe, bese zithunyelwa kokudla kwemfuyo. Ngalokhu, inqwaba yayo icutshungulwa nge-silage (evutshiwe). Ingxenye yobuningi obuluhlaza iyomiswa futhi icindezelwe ukugcinwa nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo.
Imifino yezimpande uqobo lwayo ingukudla okuyinhloko kokukhiqizwa kukashukela. Enqubeni yokukhiqiza, ngaphezu kokukhipha i-sucrose nokuyiguqula ibe ngumkhiqizo esiwujwayele, kutholakala ama-deet sugar beet kanye noshukela olunoshukela ophansi, osetshenziselwa ukuqhubeka nokusebenza.
Impande yemifino
Inhloso yokukhulisa ushukela beet ukuthola ushukela nemikhiqizo. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ushukela buyinkimbinkimbi futhi bufuna izinsiza.
Ngaphambi kokukhishwa ngqo kukashukela nemikhiqizo, izinto zokusetshenziswa kufanele zilungiswe kahle - zigezwe, zicwengisiswe.
Inkomba! Inani lamanzi asetshenzisiwe emjikelezweni wokugeza izitshalo lisuka ku-60% kuye ku-100% wesisindo sawo.
Kusuka ezitshalweni zezimpande ngenkathi kucutshungulwa bathola:
- ushukela;
- uginindela.
Usebenzisa iziqongo
Ama-beet tops angumkhiqizo obalulekile wokuphakelayo. Inezinto ezingama-20% ezomile, cishe ama-3% amaprotheni, amafutha namavithamini. Amakhilogremu ayi-100 eziqongweni angamayunithi angama-20 okuphakelayo. Izinga eliphansi lokuqukethwe kwe-fiber likuvumela ukuthi lisetshenziselwe ukondla hhayi izinkomo kuphela, kodwa nezingulube.
Lensimbi eluhlaza (equkethe amaqabunga, iziqongo namathiphu ezitshalo zezimpande) isetshenziselwa ukudla kwezilwane ngezindlela eziningi:
- okusha;
- ngesimo sesilo;
- yomisiwe.
Kungcono ukukhiqiza ufulawa kusuka eziqongweni. Ukwenza lokhu, kuyachotshozwa futhi komiswe emigqomweni eyomiswayo. Ukugcina izinga lokushisa kuze kufike ku-95 ° C kukuvumela ukuthi ugcine amavithamini futhi wehlise ukulahleka kwento eyomile. Isisindo esomile esingu-1kg ukuphakelayo okungu-0.7. amayunithi kuze kufike ku-140 g wamaprotheni. Izinkomba ezinjalo zivumela ukufaka ikota kokuphakelayo okugxile ngofulawa ovela eziqongweni.
Imikhiqizo kashukela we-beet, i-bagasse nenye imfucuza
Umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokucubungula i-beet ukukhiqizwa koshukela. I-160 kg kashukela itholakala ku-1 ithani lama-beet.
Ngaphezu koshukela, isivuno saso sincike kokuqukethwe ushukela wezitshalo eziyimpande, izimo nobude besitoreji, kunenqwaba yemfucumfucu, eminye yayo ebuyiselwa ukukhiqiza ushukela owengeziwe, okunye kuthunyelwa ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe kwezidingo zokufuya izilwane (uginindela), okusele - okusetshenziselwa ukudla, i-bioenergy nemithi izimboni.
Le mikhiqizo yile:
- uginindela;
- i-pectin;
- ama-molasses (ama-molasses);
- umchamo wokuzikhulula.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ukuthola ushukela ku-beet ushukela kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-multistage, inhloso yayo okulandelayo:
- Ukuthola isiraphu... Kulesi sigaba, isisindo esilungisiwe sezitshalo zezimpande sichotshozwa sibe sesimweni sokushefa bese sithunyelwa kumadivayisi wokusabalalisa. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngamanzi ashisayo, ijusi lokusabalalisa ligeza ngobuningi. Umbala omnyama futhi uqukethe inani elikhulu lama-ballast inclusions.
Ukuthola isiraphu kanye ne-crystallization eqhubekayo, kuyacaciswa futhi kuhlanzwe ngobisi lwe-lime ne-carbon dioxide. Ngemuva kwalokho ijusi iyaqina ezitshalweni zokuhwamuka kanye nesiraphu kashukela enokuqukethwe okwanele kashukela.
- Ukuthola ushukela... Inqubo yokuthola ushukela yenzeka lapho isiraphu idlula ezintweni ezincibilikayo nasekuqhubekeni kwe-centrifugation, lapho kususwa khona umswakama omningi futhi inqubo ye-crystallization yenzeka. Okulandelayo kuza inqubo yokomisa nokupakisha umkhiqizo wokugcina.
- Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Pectin... Ama-pectin angama-polysaccharides ane-asidi emvelaphi yezitshalo esetshenziswa yimboni yokudla - njengabaqambi bezakhiwo, ama-thickeners, kanye nakwezokwelapha nakwezokwelapha - njengezinto ezisebenza ngomzimba.
I-Pectin itholakala kusisombululo se-beet pulp kanye ne-diffusion. Ngaleli pulp lifakwa ekukhishweni kwesibili, uketshezi olutholwe ngemuva kokucindezelwa luxubene nesisombululo sokuqala futhi le ngxube isetshenziselwa ukuthola ama-pectin.
Ikhwalithi yama-pectin atholwe ku-beet pulp iphakeme, ngoba inamandla amakhulu we-sorption, noma ngabe aphansi ngandlela thile kumandla we-gelling kuma-apple kanye nama-citrus analogues.
Yini ongayithola ekhaya?
Ubuchwepheshe beFekthri buningi futhi buyinkimbinkimbi. Kuhloselwe ukucutshungulwa kwezimboni nokukhiqizwa kwamavolontiya ashukela amaningi. Umbuzo uvela - kungenzeka yini ukuthola, uma kungenjalo ushukela, khona-ke umkhiqizo oqukethe ushukela ekhaya? Akunzima, yize kusebenza kanzima:
- Imifino yezimpande igezwa kahle futhi ibiliswe ngokuqinile okungenani ihora.
Susa ikhasi. Uma uyishiya, umkhiqizo wokugcina uzothola ukunambitheka okungathandeki.
- Ngemuva kokuxebuka, ama-beet achotshoziwe (asikiwe, akhuhlwe, agawuliwe) bese kuthi ubukhulu bufakwe ngaphansi komshini.
- Ikhekhe eliphelelwe amanzi eligcwele ligcwele amanzi ashisayo. Amanzi kufanele aphindwe kabili kunesisindo sekhekhe.
- Ukumiswa kufanele kuxazululwe, uketshezi kukhishwe futhi ikhekhe lingaphinde lidluliswe emaphephandabeni.
- I-concentrate etholwe ngaphambilini ihlanganiswe nesisombululo sesibili futhi yahwamuka.
Ushukela owenziwe ngotshani awutholakali ekhaya (ama-vacuum apparatus, ama-centrifuge ayadingeka), kepha isiphuzo soshukela esivelayo singasetshenziswa ekubhakeni, okwenza ujamu. Kungcono ukugcina umkhiqizo esitsheni esingangeni moya ebumnyameni.
Iresiphi yevidiyo yokwenza isiraphu yesithombo sebhitrudi, ebizwa nangokuthi ama-molasses:
Ubuchwepheshe beFekthri buningi futhi buyinkimbinkimbi. Kepha noma ngaphandle kokucubungula okuyinkimbinkimbi, ama-beet kashukela nawo ayasebenza egcekeni elizimele.