I-El Escorial eSpain: isigodlo sikaNkulunkulu, umjondolo wenkosi

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Isakhiwo se-El Escorial (eSpain) sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi uphawu oluyimfihlakalo kakhulu eMadrid. Kepha izinganekwane eziningi ezizungeze umlando wale ndawo azizange ziyivimbele ukuthi ingene ohlwini lwe-UNESCO World Heritage futhi ibe enye yezindawo ezivakashelwa kakhulu ezweni.

Ulwazi oluvamile

Isigodlo i-El Escorial eSpain siyisakhiwo esikhulu sangezikhathi zakudala futhi singesinye sezimpawu eziphawuleka kakhulu ezweni, esakhiwe ukukhumbula ukunqoba kwabaseSpain phezu kwebutho lesitha. Lesi sakhiwo esinamandla, esisekuhambeni ngehora ukusuka eMadrid, senza imisebenzi eminingana ngasikhathi sinye - indawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini, isigodlo sezindela kanye nethuna elikhulu lababusi baseSpain.

Esinye sezici zesici se-El Escorial, kwesinye isikhathi esiqhathaniswa nesimangaliso sesishiyagalombili somhlaba, sibizwa ngokuthi iphupho langempela lokwakha.

ukungabi bikho ngokuphelele kobukhazikhazi obubukekayo obutholakala ezinqabeni eziningi zasebukhosini. Ngisho nokubukeka kwalo kubukeka njengenqaba ngaphezu kwesigodlo sikanokusho! Kepha ngisho nangobunzima nobufushane bayo, iSan Lorenzo de El Escorial inokuthile ekubonayo.

Isango lendlu yezindela ligadwe yisango elikhulu elenziwe ngethusi elimsulwa. Ngokulandela kwabo, izivakashi zingabona iGceke Lamakhosi, lihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso yamakhosi alungile aseBhayibhelini. Maphakathi naleli gceke kukhona idamu lokufakelwa, okukhona kulo amachibi amane ahlotshiswe ngemabula enemibala eminingi.

Ukubuka kwenyoni nge-El Escorial eSpain kwembula ukuthi ihlukaniswe ngochungechunge lwama-patio amancane ahlotshiswe ngotshani obuluhlaza futhi axhunywe yimibukiso emihle. Umhlobiso wangaphakathi we-El Escorial ujabulisa ngokuhlukahluka okubanzi kakhulu. IMarble iphetha ngamathoni azolile ampunga, izindonga zihlanganiswe ngumdwebo omuhle wobuciko, izithombe ezibabazekayo ezenziwe ngamakhosi avelele aseMilanese - konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe ngokuphelele nobukhulu besizi ethuneni nobulula bamakamelo asebukhosini.

Ukuziqhenya okukhulu kwesigodlo se-El Escorial yi-altare lesonto, elihlotshiswe ngokusatshalaliswa kwamatshe ayigugu kanye ne-griotto enemibala eminingi. Iphinde ibambe amakhonsathi omculo wasekamelweni njalo nokwenziwa yikhwaya labafana abadumile, abacula ngokuqhathaniswa namazwi wezingelosi.

Inkomba yomlando

Umlando weSan Lorenzo de El Escorial waqala ngo-1557 ngeMpi yaseSaint Quentin, lapho ibutho leNkosi u-Philip II lalinganqobi nje kuphela isitha saseFrance, kodwa futhi lacishe lasibhubhisa ngokuphelele isigodlo saseSt. Lawrence. Umuntu othanda inkolo futhi efisa ukuqhubeka nokunqoba kwakhe impi yesitha, inkosi yanquma ukwakha isigodlo esiyingqayizivele.

Futhi-ke yonke into yayifana nenganekwane edumile yabantu. Ukuqoqa abakhi bezakhiwo ezimbili, abakhi bamatshe ababili nososayensi aba-2, uPhilip II wabayala ukuthi bathole indawo engeke ishise kakhulu noma ibande kakhulu, futhi ezotholakala buqamama nenhloko-dolobha. Yaba isisekelo seSierra de Guadarrama, esivikelwe imithambeka ephakeme elangeni elishisayo lasehlobo nomoya obandayo wasebusika.

Itshe lokuqala esisekelweni sesakhiwo esisha labekwa ngo-1563, futhi lapho liqhubeka liqhubekela phambili, amacebo ombusi waseSpain aba nesifiso sokuvelela. Iqiniso ngukuthi uPhilip II, obonakala ngempilo ebuthakathaka futhi ethanda ukudangala, akaphuphi ngesigodlo sikanokusho, kodwa ngendawo ethulile lapho engathatha khona ikhefu ezinkathazweni zasebukhosini nakubaphathi bezentengiselwano. Kungakho i-El Escorial eMadrid bekungafanele ibe yindawo yokuhlala inkosi kuphela, kepha futhi ibe yindawo yezindela esebenza lapho kuhlala ama-novice amaningi. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, kwakulapha lapho uPhilip II ehlela ukusebenzisa umyalo kaCharles V nokuhlomisa ithuna lobukhosi lapho wonke amalungu omndeni wakhe azofihlwa khona.

Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo esikhulu sezakhiwo kuthathe isikhathi esingangeminyaka engama-20. Ngalesi sikhathi, abakhi bezakhiwo abaningi abadumile bakwazile ukumqondisa, kubandakanya umfundi kaMichelangelo uJuan Bautista Toledo. Isakhiwo esiqediwe kwakuyisakhiwo esikhulu, uPhilip II uqobo asibiza ngokuthi "isigodlo sikaNkulunkulu nomkhukhu wenkosi."

Maphakathi ne-El Escorial kwakumi isonto elikhulu lamaKatolika, elifanekisela inkolelo yenkosi yokuthi wonke usopolitiki othintekayo ngekusasa lezwe lakhe akufanele akhohlwe ngezinkolelo zakhe. Engxenyeni eseningizimu kunesigodlo sezindela, futhi engxenyeni esenyakatho kukhona indawo yokuhlala yasebukhosini, ukubukeka kwayo kugcizelela ngokuphelele isimo esinzima somnikazi wayo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ithuna, i-cathedral, nezinye izinto eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi zenziwe ngesitayela se-Desornamentado, okusho ukuthi "akuhlotshisiwe" ngeSpanishi. Amakamelo asebukhosini e-El Escorial nawo ayehlukile, okuyinhlanganisela yendabuko yezindonga ezibushelelezi nezitini. Konke lokhu kuphinda kugcizelele isifiso sikaPhilip II sokuba lula nokusebenza.

Ekupheleni kwawo wonke umsebenzi, inkosi yaqala ukuqoqa imidwebo yabadwebi baseYurophu, iqoqa iqoqo lemibhalo yesandla ebalulekile nezincwadi, kanye nokwenza imicimbi eyahlukahlukene yomphakathi. Owadume kunayo yonke wumqhudelwano we-chess wango-1575 owawubanjwe phakathi kwabadlali baseSpain ne-Italy. Nguye owabanjwa emdwebeni wakhe ngumdwebi waseVenetian uLuigi Mussini.

Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi

Isigodlo i-El Escorial eMadrid sinezingxenye eziningana ezizimele, ngasinye sazo esidinga ukunakwa kakhulu izivakashi.

I-Royal Tomb noma i-Pantheon yamaKhosi

IThuna lamaKhosi e-Escorial (eSpain) lithathwa njengeliyimfihlakalo kakhulu futhi, mhlawumbe, liyingxenye edabukisa kakhulu yenkimbinkimbi. Ithuna elihle, elihlotshiswe ngemabula, ijaspi nethusi, lihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Owokuqala, obizwa ngokuthi yi-Pantheon of Kings, uqukethe izinsalela cishe zabo bonke ababusi baseSpain, ngaphandle kukaFernando VI, uPhilip V no-Amadeo waseSavoy.

Kodwa ingxenye yesibili yethuna, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Pantheon of the Infants, "ingeyabaholi abancane namakhosazana, eceleni kwalapho kuhlala khona izindlovukazi zabomama bazo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi alikho ithuna elilodwa lamahhala elisele ethuneni, ngakho-ke umbuzo wokuthi inkosi yamanje nendlovukazi izofihlwa kuphi usahlala uvulekile.

Umtapo Wezincwadi

Ubukhulu nokubaluleka komlando wendawo yokugcina izigodlo yasesigodlweni i-El Escorial ingeyesibili kuphela kulowo Mtapo Wezincwadi Wabaphostoli odumile waseVatican. Ngaphezu kwemibhalo ebhalwe ngesandla ebhalwe nguMother Teresa, u-Alfonso the Wise noSt Augustine, iqukethe iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni lemibhalo yesandla yasempumalanga, esebenza emlandweni nasekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe, amakhodi ezindela, kanye nama-almanac anemifanekiso adalwe ngeNkathi Ephakathi.

Inani eliphelele lezinto zomnyuziyamu lingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Iningi lale ndawo lifakwa kumakhabethe amakhulu enziwe ngokhuni oluyigugu futhi ahlanganiswe nezicabha zengilazi ezisobala. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe ungaphansi kwalesi simo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukwazi ukucabanga ngesihloko salokhu noma lokho kushicilelwa. Iqiniso ngukuthi umtapo wolwazi we-El Escorial ukuphela kwaso emhlabeni lapho izincwadi zikhonjiswa ngezinsika ngaphakathi. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngokungabikho kwelanga eliqondile, izimpande, ezihlotshiswe ngamaphethini amadala ayinkimbinkimbi, zizogcinwa kangcono.

Isakhiwo somtapo wolwazi sibukeka sifanelana "nezakhamizi" zaso, umhlobiso omkhulu oyiphansi lemabula nophahla oluhlukile oludwetshiwe, izithombe zalo eziqukethe imiyalo engu-7 yamahhala - i-geometry, i-rhetoric, i-mathematics, njll. izindonga.

Iminyuziyamu

Kuneminyuziyamu emibili ethokozisayo ensimini ye-Escorial Palace yaseMadrid. Enye yazo iqukethe imidwebo, amamodeli anezinhlangothi ezintathu, amathuluzi okwakha neminye imibukiso ehlobene nomlando wethuna elidumile. Kwesinye, kuboniswe imidwebo engaphezu kuka-1 500 eyenziwe ngabakwaTitian, El Greco, Goya, Velazquez nabanye abaculi abadumile (bobabili abaseSpain nabangaphandle).

Ososayensi bathi ukukhethwa kwemidwebo eminingi kwaqondiswa nguPhilip II uqobo, owayenokunambitheka okuhle kwezobuciko. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, ezinye izindlalifa zobukhosi baseSpain nazo zazibandakanyeka ekugcwaliseni leli qoqo eliyigugu. Ngendlela, kwelinye lamahholo ayi-9 alo mnyuziyamu ungabona amabalazwe amaningi ezindawo ahlanganiswe ngalezo zikhathi ezikude. Uma unesikhathi, uwaqhathanise nozakwabo banamuhla - umsebenzi othakazelisa kakhulu.

Amapaki nezingadi

Okuheha kangako i-El Escorial eSpain yizingadi zesigodlo ezisengxenyeni eseningizimu nasempumalanga yesigodlo. Zenziwe ngendlela yezimo ezingajwayelekile futhi zitshalwa ngamakhulu ezimbali nezitshalo ezingaphandle. Ipaki inechibi elikhulu, lapho umhlambi wama-swans amhlophe untanta khona ngezikhathi ezithile, nemithombo eminingana emihle engena kahle endaweni ezungezile.

El Real Cathedral

Uma ubheka izithombe ze-El Escorial, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungaboni ithempeli elikhulu lamaKatolika, ubukhazikhazi balo obumangalisa izivakashi. Enye yemihlobiso eyinhloko ye-El Real yimidwebo yasendulo, engambozi kuphela uphahla lonke, kodwa futhi nesikhala esingaphezu kwama-altare amane. Bathi hhayi kuphela Spanish, kodwa futhi amakhosi aseVenice ayehileleke ekudalweni kwabo.

Okuheha kakhulu i-retablo emaphakathi, i-altare elenziwe ngumakhi omkhulu wesigodlo. Imidwebo ekule ngxenye yesonto lombhishobhi ihlotshiswe ngegolide elicwengekileyo, kanti izithombe ezibunjiweyo zomndeni wasebukhosini eziguqe ngomthandazo zenziwe ngemabula emhlophe njengeqhwa.

Futhi iqiniso elilodwa elithandekayo! Ngokwedizayini yokuqala, idome ye-El Real Cathedral bekufanele ibe phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ngokuyalelwa yiVatican, yashiywa ibanga elingamamitha angama-90 - uma kungenjalo ngabe iphakeme kakhulu kuneSt.

Imininingwane ewusizo

I-Escorial Palace, etholakala e-Av Juan de Borbón y Battemberg, 28200, ivulwa unyaka wonke, futhi amahora okuvakasha ancike kuphela kwisizini:

Okthoba-Mashi: kusuka ku-10: 00 kuya ku-18: 00;
Ephreli-Septhemba: kusuka ku-10: 00 kuya ku-20: 00.

Qaphela! NgoMsombuluko, isigodlo, isigodlo namathuna kuvaliwe!

Izindleko zethikithi elijwayelekile ngu-10 €, ngesaphulelo - 5 €. Ihhovisi lamathikithi livala ihora elilodwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwesakhiwo. Ukungena kokugcina endaweni yayo kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngemininingwane engaphezulu, bheka iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-El Escorial - https://www.patrimonionacional.es/en.

Amanani asekhasini ngekaNovemba 2019.

Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu

Amathiphu awusizo

Lapho uhlela ukuvakashela isigodlo, isigodlo noma ithuna lamakhosi e-El Escorial (eSpain), lalela izincomo ezilandelayo:

Abasebenzi benkimbinkimbi abasikhulumi kahle isiNgisi, ngakho-ke yonke imibuzo yakho kuzodingeka ibuzwe ngeSpanishi.
Ojosaka, izikhwama nezinye izinto ezinobuningi kufanele kushiywe kumalokhethi akhethekile, izakhi, kusebenza ngomgomo wokuzisebenzela. Babiza 1 €.

Ukuthatha izithombe ngaphakathi emagcekeni akuvunyelwe - onogada abaningi bakubheke eduze lokhu.
Izivakashi eziza esigodlweni sezindela ngokwazo noma ngezokuthutha eziqashiwe zingakushiya endaweni yokupaka ekhokhelwayo esemnyango.
Futhi amagama ambalwa mayelana nomhlahlandlela womsindo: ngokuzenzakalela, owamukela izivakashi ukhetha ukuvakasha imizuzu eyi-120. Ngasikhathi sinye, akekho noyedwa ocacisa ukuthi kukhona inguqulo enwetshiwe ehlala ihora ubude.
Kepha akupheleli lapho! Ngokuqasha umhlahlandlela womsindo, owenziwe ngohlobo lwethebhulethi nge-earphone eyi-1, abasebenzi bethuna bafuna ipasipoti noma ikhadi lesikweletu njengediphozithi, izinto ezingathandeki kakhulu ukuba zinikelwe ezandleni ezingafanele. Ngokuvamile, kungcono ukuthi ungazihlanganisi.
Ukuhamba, khetha izicathulo ezikahle kakhulu - kuzodingeka uhambe lapha kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, phezulu naphezulu.
Kunemihlahlandlela yomsindo, kepha ayifundisi futhi iyisidina kangangokuba kungcono ukuyenza ngaphandle kwayo. Uma ungafuni nje ukubheka okunye kokukhangayo okuyinhloko eMadrid, kodwa futhi nokufunda amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo ngempilo yamakhosi endawo, joyina uhambo lokuvakasha oluhlelekile. Lesi sinqumo sisekelwa iqiniso lokuthi imibukiso eminingi ichazwe ngeSpanishi.

Endaweni ye-El Escorial complex (Spain) kunezitolo eziningana zezikhumbuzo lapho ungathenga khona izinto ezithokozisayo.
Ukuze uthole ukudla, yehla uye endaweni yokudlela yezindela. Bathi baphaka ukudla okumnandi lapho. Kukhona izinketho ezi-3 zezifundo zokuqala nezesibili ongakhetha kuzo, futhi amanzi newayini sekuvele kufakiwe entengo yoku-oda. Njengesinqumo sokugcina, hlala phansi epikinikini epaki enkulu enweba ngaphandle kwethuna.