I-Mycenae: ukubonwa kwedolobha lasendulo laseGrisi elinesithombe
IMycenae (Greece) idolobha lasendulo elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. Kwake kwaba indawo yokuhlala enkulu futhi enethonya, kwakuthathwa njengesikhungo senkambiso yaseMycenaean, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinto eziningi eziyigugu nezinto zobuciko eziyingqayizivele ezitholakala emathuneni egolide.
Ulwazi oluvamile
IMycenae yidolobha lasendulo elisendaweni yaseGrisi yanamuhla. Phambilini bekuyingxenye ye-Argolis, ibithathwa njengesinye sezikhungo zesiko laseMycenaean. Njengawo wonke amadolobha asendulo, yayisentabeni, futhi yayizungezwe izindonga zamatshe (ukuphakama kwawo kusuka kumamitha ayi-6 kuye kwayi-9 ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene).
Namuhla, kusele amanxiwa kuphela esizeni sendawo yokuhlala yasendulo, futhi izivakashi nososayensi kuphela abeza kulezi zindawo. Inani elihlala njalo - abantu abangama-354 (bahlala phansi kwentaba). Idolobha lasendulo laseGrisi lisendaweni engama-90 km ukusuka e-Athene.
Umlando nezinganekwane
Ubudala obuqondile bukaMycenae abaziwa, kepha ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlala kwasendulo kungaphezulu kweminyaka engama-4,000 ubudala. Ngokomlando, leli dolobha lakhiwa nguPerseus, indodana kaZeus noDanae, abasizakala ngosizo lukaCyclops. Idolobha lakhula ngeminyaka yama-1460s. BC e., lapho amaMycenaeans anqoba iKrethe futhi aqala ukwakha amakoloni ogwini loLwandle i-Aegean. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sethu, amaPelonid eza kula mazwe evela ku-Argos angomakhelwane, angagcini ngokuthatha izindawo ezinqotshiwe kuphela, kodwa futhi anqoba iMycenae.
Ngesikhathi seZimpi zamaGrisi namaPheresiya, idolobha laqala ukwehla kancane kancane, kwathi ngonyaka we-468 AD. ekugcineni yashiywa ngabantu (ngenxa yomzabalazo nama-Argians). Ngemuva kweminyaka engamakhulu amaningana, abantu baqala ukubuyela eMycenae, kepha bahlala ezansi kwegquma, futhi abantu bendawo besaba ukungena enqabeni, engangena kuphela ngokudlula emathuneni.
Izinto
Isango lebhubesi
ISango leBhubesi yilona eliheha kakhulu i-Greek Mycenae, ehlangana nabo bonke abahambi abeza edolobheni. Isango lakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII BC. e, futhi ngathola igama layo ngenxa ye-bas-relief, etholakala phezulu kwesango. Isakhiwo isisindo amathani 20.
Okuvelele kokubona kulele ekutheni wonke amatshe asetshenziselwe ukwakha isango apholishiwe ngokucophelela futhi anezimbobo eziyindilinga, ezifana nalawo ashiywe yi-hammer drill. Ososayensi kuze kube namuhla abakwazi ukuchaza lesi simo. Izinto okwenziwe ngazo izivalo zeminyango nazo azaziwa - kucatshangwa ukuthi lolu uhlobo lwokhuni olungekho vele.
Isango lebhubesi eMycenae ligcinwe lisesimweni esihle impela, ngaphandle kwamabhubesi - amakhanda abo abhujiswe ngokuphelele. Abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokuthi okokusebenza okwakususwe amakhanda ekuqaleni kwakukubi kakhulu kunalokho okusetshenziselwa izidumbu zezilwane. Kepha ngokwenganekwane yasendulo, amakhanda amabhubesi aphonswa ngegolide, kwathi ngesikhathi sokuwa kwesiko laseMycenaean kwebiwa. Ngendlela, ekuqaleni amabhubesi ayenzelwe ukuvikela idolobha emimoyeni emibi, futhi njengoba yayiyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu, abantu abavamile babengeke beze lapha.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umvubukuli odumile waseJalimane uHeinrich Schliemann wenza ukumbiwa futhi wafika esiphethweni sokuthi amasango ayengewona amasango ejwayelekile ekuqondeni kwethu, kodwa isakhiwo senkolo. Ukutholwa okutholakala eduze kwesango kumholele kulo mqondo: izifihla-buso zakudala, izikhali namatshe ayigugu.
Ukuvubukula
Ukuvubukulwa kokuqala okukhulu eMycenae kwenziwa ngekhulu le-19. Ngalesi sikhathi, abavubukuli abaningi abadumile, futhi, okokuqala, uHeinrich Schliemann waseJalimane, wathola izinto zobuciko eziyingqayizivele ezifakazela ubukhona besiko laseMycenaean. Ngendlela, kwakungemuva kokumba lapho indawo yokuhlala yabizwa ngokuthi "ecebile ngegolide", ngoba izinto eziningi zegolide zitholakale lapha. Indawo yokuvubukula inezingxenye ezilandelayo.
Umbuthano wokungcwaba u-A
Kusendaweni encane lapho abavubukuli beqambe khona umjikelezo wokungcwaba u-A, lapho kwatholakala khona izinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezibalulekile. Isibonelo, amathuna e-chess nezinto zeTrojan War. Ukuheha kunesakhiwo esikhohlisayo, futhi kufana nokuthile okusikhumbuza nge-Stonehenge.
Ithangi
Idolobha laseMycenae lalivame ukuvinjezelwa izitha, futhi kwakudingeka amanzi amaningi ukuze kuvikelwe ngempumelelo. Ngekhulu le-XIV BC, ngokokuqala ngqá eYurophu, kwakhiwa imithombo yamanzi, okuyisikali sayo esishayayo: ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-18, kwakukhona imiphongolo emikhulu ngamamitha ama-5 ukuphakama.
Isigodlo sasebukhosini
Ukumbiwa kweRoyal Palace eGrisi kwenziwa maphakathi nekhulu le-19. Ngeshwa, akusalanga lutho ngobukhulu bangaphambili bokubona, futhi namuhla izivakashi zingacabanga ngesisekelo kuphela. Kodwa-ke, abavubukuli bakwazi ukusungula indawo yeMegaron - maphakathi nesigodlo, lapho imihlangano ebaluleke kakhulu nemihlangano yayiba khona.
- Izindleko zokwamukelwa: ama-euro angama-12 kubantu abadala, ama-euro ayisithupha - kwabahola impesheni, izingane, intsha, othisha. Zonke izinto ezikhangayo eMycenae zingavakashelwa ngaleli thikithi.
- Amahora okuvula: ubusika (8.30-15.30), Ephreli (8.30-19.00), Meyi-Agasti (8.30-20.00), Septhemba (8.00-19.00), Okthoba (08.00-18.00). Umnyuziyamu uvaliwe ngamaholide omphakathi.
Imyuziyamu Yemivubukulo Yase-Mycenae Yasendulo
I-Archaeological Museum yaseMycenae iqukethe zonke izinto zobuciko ezitholakala ngesikhathi kumbiwa endaweni yasendaweni yakudala. Cishe zonke izinto zemnyuziyamu ezisegumbini lokuqala zitholakale emathuneni amahlanu asendulo, uHomer akhulume ngawo. Lokhu kuvezwa kufaka izinto ezenziwe ngobumba (izitsha zokuvumba, amajeke, izitsha), izinyo lendlovu (ubucwebe, imifanekiso emincane yezilwane), amatshe (amathuluzi), igolide (amasifi okufa, ubucwebe, izinkomishi). Amanani onkulunkulu bamaGreki nezikhali ezisika nhlangothi zombili kubhekwa njengomunye wemibukiso ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele.
Egumbini lesibili, kunokutholakele okusukela esikhathini seBronze. Lezi zemali, ubucwebe besifazane nabesilisa, izifihla-buso zokungcwaba. Okudume kakhulu yi "Mask of Agamemnon" (lena yikhophi, kanti eyangempela iseNational Archaeological Museum yase-Athene).
Ehholo lesithathu kunezibonelo zokuhlala okwenziwe ososayensi. Ngenxa yabo, ungabona iMycenae yaseGrisi lasendulo futhi ujabulele ubuhle bezingilazi, imidwebo kanye nemidwebo esezansi ebihlobise idolobha. Kukhona nethuba lokubuka izithombe zikaMycenae, ezathathwa ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20 ngesikhathi kumbiwa.
ICitadel noMgcinimafa wase-Atreus
Ngenxa yokuthi izindonga zamatshe ezazizungeze idolobha nhlangothi zonke zisindile, indawo yeMycenae yasendulo eGrisi yaziwa kahle, ngokungafani, ngokwesibonelo, indawo yaseTroy. Ukuphakama kophawu lwendawo kuhluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-6 kuye kwayi-9, kanti ingqikithi yobude ingamamitha angama-900. Kwezinye izingxenye, ukuvuleka kwakwakhiwe ezindongeni lapho kwakugcinwa khona izikhali nokudla.
Imvamisa izindonga zaseMycenaean zibizwa nge-cyclopean, ngoba amaGrikhi ayekholelwa ukuthi izidalwa zasenganekwaneni kuphela ezazingahambisa izinto ezisindayo. Ukukhanga kugcinwe kahle.
UMgcinimafa wase-Atreus yithuna elikhulu kunawo wonke laseMycenaean, elakhiwa ngo-1250 BC. Ingaphakathi ukuphakama kungamamitha ayi-13.5, kanti isisindo esiphelele sesakhiwo ngamathani ayi-120. Izazi-mlando zinesiqiniseko sokuthi lolu phawu lwengqangi lwalukade luhlotshiswe ngegolide, amatshe ayigugu kanye nama-bas-reliefs, amanye awo akhonjiswa kweminye iminyuziyamu eGrisi. Amagugu atholakala emabhokisini afakazela izinga elingakaze libonwe (ngaleso sikhathi) lempilo nentuthuko yedolobha.
I-Nemea yasendulo
Njengoba wazi, ensimini ye-Greece yanamuhla, izinto eziningi ziye zagcinwa - izinsalela zamadolobha asendulo. Omunye wabo yiNemea yasendulo. Lesi yisakhiwo esincane, kepha esingesihle kangako. Inkundla elondoloziwe, lapho abagijimi abahamba phambili bedolobha bedlale khona, kuthathwa njengophawu lweNemea. Kukhona namanxiwa wamabhati amaningana namanxiwa esonto lasendulo lobuKristu nezindlu ezizimele.
Ensimini yeNemea yasendulo, kukhona umnyuziyamu wanamuhla, lapho ungabona khona imiphumela yomsebenzi wabavubukuli: ubucwebe begolide, izitsha zobumba ezinhle, izinto zendlovu.
Ungafika kanjani eMycenae usuka e-Athene
I-Athene neMycenae bahlukaniswe ngamakhilomitha angama-90, futhi kunezindlela ezi-2 zokuhamba ukusuka komunye umuzi uye komunye.
Ngebhasi
Le inketho engabizi kakhulu futhi elula. Udinga ukuthatha isitobhu sase-Athene uye esiteshini saseFichti (Mycenae). Isikhathi sokuhamba yihora eli-1 imizuzu engama-30. Intengo yamathikithi ngama-euro ayi-10-15 (kuya ngesikhathi sokuhamba nesigaba sebhasi). Agijima njalo emahoreni ama-2 kusuka ku-8.00 kuye ku-20.00.
Kunezinkampani eziningana zamabhasi eGrisi. Okudume kakhulu yi-KTEL Argolidas, etholakala kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu ezwe. Ithikithi lingathengwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yenkampani ephethe: www.ktelargolida.gr noma eCentral Bus Station yase-Athens.
Ngesitimela
Kumele uthathe isitimela esiteshini sesitimela sase-Athene esitimeleni se-Πειραιάς - Κιάτο (Piraeus - Kiato). Esiteshini seZegolateio Korinthias, udinga ukwehla ushintshele etekisini.
Isikhathi sokuhamba ngesitimela yihora eli-1 imizuzu eyi-10. Ngetekisi - imizuzu engama-30. Imali yokugibela ngama-euro ayi-8 (isitimela) + ama-euro angama-35 (itekisi). Le nketho yokuhamba izuzisa kakhulu kumaqembu amancane.
Isithwali - Izitimela ZaseGrisi. Ungabhuka ithikithi lakho kusengaphambili kuwebhusayithi yabo esemthethweni: www.trainose.gr noma ulithenge ehhovisi lamathikithi e-Athens Central Station.
Zonke izintengo namathebula wezikhathi ekhasini kungo-Ephreli 2019.
Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu
Amathiphu awusizo
- IMycenae itholakala kude nezitolo nezindawo zokuthenga, ngakho-ke hamba nakho konke okudingayo (okokuqala, amanzi).
- Ukuhambela iMycenae yasendulo, khetha usuku olupholile, ngoba okuhehayo kusesiqongweni segquma, futhi akukho lapho ungacasha khona elangeni elishisayo.
- Kungcono ukuvakashela iMycenae phakathi nesonto, ngoba ziningi izivakashi ngezimpelasonto.
- Ukugwema izixuku zezivakashi, woza eMycenae ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Iningi labahambi lifika lapha ngo-11.00 - 12.00.
I-Mycenae (iGrisi) ingesinye sezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni laseBalkan, elizokhanga abathandi bomlando nezemivubukulo.
Uhambo lokuya edolobheni lasendulo iMycenae