UDelphi: iziheho eziyi-8 zedolobha lasendulo laseGrisi

IDelphi (iGrisi) yindawo yasendulo etholakala emthambekeni weNtaba iParnassus eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda sasePhocis. Lokhu kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zamagugu amasiko ezwe, namuhla aguqulwe aba iminyuziyamu evulekile. Izikhumbuzo eziningi zomlando zisindile endaweni yayo, iningi lazo elacekelwa phansi emakhulwini eminyaka ngokuzamazama komhlaba futhi namuhla kungamanxiwa. Noma kunjalo, iDelphi ivusa isithakazelo sangempela kubavakashi, kokubili kubalandeli bezinganekwane zasendulo zamaGrikhi naphakathi kwabathandi bomlando wasendulo jikelele.

Amanxiwa aseDelphi atholakala ku-9.5 km ukusuka ogwini lweGulf of Corinth, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. I-1.5 km ukusuka endaweni yasendulo, kunedolobha elincane elinegama elifanayo, elinabantu abangeqi kubantu abangu-3000. Kulapha lapho zonke izinhlobo zamahhotela nezindawo zokudlela zigxila khona, lapho izivakashi zilandela ukuvakasha ezindaweni eziheha abantu bendawo. Ngaphambi kokuchaza izinto eziwubukhazikhazi zedolobha, kubalulekile ukubheka umlando walo, futhi uzijwayeze nezinganekwane.

Inkomba yomlando. Izinganekwane

Usuku oluqondile lokuvela kukaDelphi alwaziwa, kepha ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala olwenziwe endaweni yabo lukhombisa ukuthi kusukela ngekhulu le-16 BC. Indawo yayinokubaluleka okukhulu kwezenkolo: kakade ngaleso sikhathi ukukhuleka konkulunkulu besifazane, obhekwa njengomama woMhlaba wonke, kwakuchuma lapha. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-500, into yawela ekunciphiseni okuphelele futhi kuphela ngekhulu le-7-6th. BC. yaqala ukuthola isikhundla sendawo engcwele ebalulekile eGrisi lasendulo. Ngalesi sikhathi, iziphambano zedolobha zazinamandla amakhulu, zibambe iqhaza ekuxazululeni izingqinamba zepolitiki nezenkolo. Ngekhulu lesi-5 BC. IDelphi yaphenduka isikhungo esikhulu esingokomoya samaGrikhi, kwaqala ukuhlelelwa iMidlalo yasePythian, eyasiza ukuhlanganisa izakhamizi zezwe futhi yafaka kubo umuzwa wobumbano lwesizwe.

Kodwa-ke, ngekhulu le-4 BC. UDelphi waqala ukulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwangaphambilini, kepha nokho waqhubeka nokuba ngenye yezindawo ezingcwele zamaGrikhi. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lesi-3 BC. amaGaul ahlasela iGrisi futhi aphanga ngokuphelele indawo engcwele, kuhlanganisa nethempeli layo elikhulu. Ekhulwini lokuqala BC. Idolobha lathunjwa ngamaRoma, kepha lokhu akuvimbanga amaGreek ekubuyiseleni ithempeli laseDelphi, elacekelwa phansi ngamaGauls, ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka. Ukuvinjelwa kokugcina kwemisebenzi yama-oracle amaGrikhi kwavela kumbusi waseRoma uTheodosius I kuphela ngo-394.

Ekhuluma ngomuzi wasendulo wamaGrikhi, umuntu akanakuthinta izinganekwane zawo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaGrikhi akholelwa ebukhoneni bezindawo eMhlabeni ezinamandla akhethekile. Baphinde babhekisa kuDelphi kanjalo. Enye yezinganekwane ithi uZeus ovela ezingxenyeni ezehlukene zeplanethi wathumela izinkozi ezimbili ukuba zihlangane, ezawela futhi zabhoboza ngemilomo yazo ebukhali emithambekeni yeNtaba iParnassus. Kwakungaleli phuzu elamenyezelwa njengeNkaba Yomhlaba - maphakathi nomhlaba ngamandla akhethekile. Ngakho-ke, kwavela uDelphi, kamuva owaba yindawo engcwele yasendulo yamaGrikhi.

Enye inganekwane isitshela ukuthi ekuqaleni lo muzi wawungokaGaia - unkulunkulukazi woMhlaba nonina wesibhakabhaka nolwandle, okwathi kamuva wakudlulisela enzalweni yakhe, omunye wabo okwakungu-Apollo. Ukuhlonipha unkulunkulu welanga, kwakhiwa amathempeli ama-5 eDelphi, kepha izingcezu zelilodwa lawo zisasindile kuze kube namuhla.

Izinto

Umlando ocebile wedolobha manje usubonakala ngokusobala ezikhangisweni eziyinhloko zaseDelphi eGrisi. Ensimini yento, amanxiwa ezakhiwo eziningana ezindala agcinwe, okuvusa isithakazelo esikhulu sabavakashi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzothakazelisa ukubheka eMnyuziyamu Wezinto Zokuvubukula lapha, futhi sijabulele izindawo ezinhle zaseNtabeni iParnassus. Ake sicabangele into ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.

Ithempeli lika-Apollo

Idolobha lasendulo lamaGrikhi iDelphi lazuza ukuthandwa okungaziwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezingcezu zeThempeli lika-Apollo eligcinwe lapha. Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwa ngekhulu le-4 BC, futhi kwaphela iminyaka engu-800 sisebenza njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu zakudala zamaGrikhi. Ngokwenganekwane, unkulunkulu welanga uqobo wayala ukwakhiwa kwale ndlu engcwele, futhi kulapha lapho umfundisikazi wasePythia enza khona izibikezelo zakhe. Abahambeli bezenkolo abavela emazweni ahlukene amaGrikhi beza ethempelini baphendukela egumbini lokuthola iziqondiso. Ukukhanga kwatholakala kuphela ngo-1892 ngesikhathi sokuvubukula. Namuhla kuphela isisekelo namakholomu amaningi ashubile asele ethempelini lika-Apollo. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu lapha udonga olusezansi kwendlu engcwele: kulondolozwe kulo imibhalo eminingi kanye namazwi ezazi zefilosofi nezombangazwe ezibhekiswe ku-Apollo.

Amanxiwa omuzi waseDelphi

Uma ubheka isithombe seDelphi eGrisi, uzobona inqwaba yamanxiwa namatshe amabi asakazekile abekade akhe izakhiwo ezinkulu zedolobha. Manje phakathi kwazo ungabona izingxenye ezihlukile zezinto ezinjenge:

1. Itiyetha. Eduze kwethempeli lika-Apollo kunamanxiwa enkundla yemidlalo yasendulo eDelphi. Lesi sakhiwo, esivela ngekhulu lesi-6 BC, sake saba nemigqa engama-35 futhi sakwazi ukuhlalisa abantu abangafika ezinkulungwaneni ezinhlanu. Namuhla, yisisekelo kuphela esisindile esigabeni semidlalo yaseshashalazini.
2. Inkundla yasendulo. Lesi esinye isigcawu sodumo esiseduze netiyetha. Lapho le nkundla yayisebenza njengenkundla yezemidlalo enkulu, lapho kwakudlalwa khona iPythian Games amahlandla amane ngonyaka. Kufika kubabukeli abayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha abangavakashela lesi sakhiwo ngasikhathi sinye.
3. Ithempeli lika-Athena. Esithombeni sezakhiwo zasendulo, ungabona kaningi lokhu kukhanga, osekuyisikhathi eside kwaba uphawu lwaso. Ithempeli lika-Athena eDelphi lakhiwa ngekhulu lesi-3 BC, kusetshenziswa izinto ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi i-limestone nemabula, ukunikeza ithempeli ukubukeka kwemibala ehlukahlukene. Ngaleso sikhathi, le nto yayiyi-tholos - isakhiwo esiyindilinga, sihlotshiswe nge-colonnade yamakholomu angama-20 nama-semi-columns ayi-10. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili eyedlule, uphahla lwesakhiwo luthweswe umqhele ngezifanekiso zezithombe zabesifazane eziboniswe emdansweni. Namuhla, kunamakholomu ama-3 kuphela, isisekelo nezinyathelo okusele kuwo.

4. UMgcinimafa wase-Athene. Ukukhanga kwazalwa ngekhulu lesi-5 BC. futhi yaba uphawu lokunqoba kwezakhamuzi zase-Athene empini yaseSalamis. Umgcinimafa wabase-Athene eDelphi wasetshenziselwa ukugcina izindebe nezinto eziyigugu, phakathi kwazo izinto eziningi ezazinikezelwe ku-Apollo. Lesi sakhiwo semabula esincane sisasindile kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngisho nanamuhla, esakhiweni ungabona imidwebo esezansi eveza izigcawu ezivela ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGrikhi, imidwebo ehlukahlukene yobumba kanye nezintambo eziya kunkulunkulu u-Apollo.
5. I-altare. Ngokuphikisana nethempeli lika-Apollo eDelphi, ungabona ukukhanga okubaluleke kakhulu - i-altare eliyinhloko lendawo engcwele. Yenziwe ngemabula emnyama kuphela, ikhumbula ubukhulu bangaphambili bedolobha nokubaluleka kwalo okukhulu emlandweni wamaGrikhi.

Imininingwane ewusizo

• Ikheli: UDelphi 330 54, eGrisi.
• Amahora wokuvula: nsuku zonke kusuka ku-08: 30 kuya ku-19: 00. Ukukhanga kuvaliwe ngesikhathi samaholide omphakathi.
• Imali yokungena: 12 € (intengo ifaka nokungena kumnyuziyamu wezinto zakudala).

Imyuziyamu Yemivubukulo

Ngemuva kokuhlola amanxiwa wedolobha laseDelphi, izivakashi zivame ukuya emnyuziyamu wendawo. Le galari ehlangene futhi ecebile ngokwanele isitshela ngokwakhiwa kwesiko lasendulo lamaGrikhi. Phakathi kwemibukiso yayo kukhona okwangempela okutholakala ngesikhathi sokuvubukula. Eqoqweni ungabona izikhali ezindala, iyunifomu, ubucwebe nezinto zasendlini. Eminye imibukiso iqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi amaGrikhi aboleke amasiko athile aseGibhithe: ikakhulukazi, umbukiso ukhombisa i-sphinx eyenziwe ngendlela yamaGrikhi.

Lapha ungabona izithombe eziningi ezithakazelisayo nezithombe ezisezingeni eliphansi, nesithombe seCharioteer, esenziwe ngethusi ngekhulu lesi-5 BC, sifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile. Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, yayilele ngaphansi kwamanxiwa ezakhiwo zasendulo, kwathi ngo-1896 kuphela lapho yatholwa ososayensi. Kufanele ubeke eceleni okungenani ihora ukuvakashela umnyuziyamu. Ungathatha umhlahlandlela womsindo ngesiNgisi esikhungweni.

• Ikheli: IDelphi Archaeological Museum, eDelphi 330 54, eGrisi.
• Amahora wokuvula: nsuku zonke kusuka ku-08: 30 kuya ku-16: 00.
• Imali yokungena: 12 € (leli yithikithi elilodwa elibandakanya ukungena emnyuziyamu ovulekile).

INtaba iParnassus

Incazelo yethu yemibono yaseDelphi enesithombe iphela ngendaba yesiza semvelo esidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezweni lasendulo laseGrisi. Sikhuluma ngeNtaba iParnassus, emthambekeni osentshonalanga lapho kutholakala khona iDelphi. Ezinganekwaneni zamaGrikhi, kwakucatshangelwa ukuthi kugxilwe eMhlabeni. Izivakashi eziningi zivakashela intaba ukuyozibonela ngawazo intwasahlobo edumile yaseKastalsky, eyayikade isebenza njengesiphethu esingcwele, lapho izangoma zazenza khona imicikilisho yokugeza, ngemuva kwalokho zazibikezela.

Namuhla, iMount Parnassus yindawo ethandwayo yokushibilika eqhweni. Futhi ehlobo, izivakashi zihlela ukunyuka lapha, zilandela izindlela ezimakiwe zezintaba eziya emhumeni waseKorikian noma zifinyelela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu - isiqongo seLiacura (2547 m). Ukusuka esiqongweni sentaba, ama-panorama amangalisayo avulekela ezigabeni zeminqumo kanye nasemaphandleni azungezile, futhi lapho sezulu licacile ungazibona izinhlaka ze-Olympus. Ububanzi obuningi bezintaba yipaki kazwelonke lapho kukhula khona umuthi wesihlahla saseCalifornia. Komunye wemithambeka yaseParnassus, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angama-960 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kunedolobhana elincane lase-Arachova, elidume ngezindawo zokusebenzela, lapho ungathenga khona okhaphethi abenziwe ngezandla.

Ufika kanjani lapho

Uma uthatha isinqumo sokuvakashela indawo engcwele yase-Apollo eDelphi nakwezinye izindawo zasendulo, kuzokusiza ukuthi ufunde ukuthi ungafika kanjani edolobheni. Indlela elula yokufinyelela kulesi sikhungo ivela e-Athene. IDelphi itholakala e-182 km enyakatho-ntshonalanga yenhlokodolobha yaseGrisi. Nsuku zonke, amabhasi e-KTEL ashiya isiteshi sedolobha i-KTEL Bus Station Terminal B esiya enkambisweni ethile.

Isikhathi sokuhamba sesithuthi singahluka kusuka kumizuzu engama-30 kuye emahoreni ama-2. Izindleko zohambo zingu-16.40 € futhi uhambo luthatha cishe amahora amathathu. Isikhathi esifanele singabonakala kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yenkampani ethi www.ktel-fokidas.gr. Kulula ukufika eDelphi ngokudluliswa kokubhukha kusengaphambili, kepha kulokhu, kuzodingeka ukhokhe okungenani ama-100 € ngohambo lokuya kuphela.

Amaqiniso Athandekayo

1. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zaseGrisi lasendulo, iNtaba iParnassus yayiyindawo yokuphumula eyintandokazi konkulunkulu basendulo bamaGrikhi, kepha u-Apollo nezimpisi zakhe eziyisi-9 bayithanda kakhulu le ndawo.
2. Indawo yethempeli lika-Apollo eDelphi yayingu-1440 m². Ngaphakathi yayihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngemifanekiso ebaziwe yonkulunkulu, futhi ngaphandle yayihlotshiswe ngobuhle ngamakholomu angama-40 ukuphakama okungu-12 m.

3. Kukhona izinganekwane ezithi ngesikhathi sokubikezela kwakhe umprofethikazi kaPythia wakhuthazeka ngenxa yomusi owawuphuma emifantwini yamadwala ngasethempelini lika-Apollo. Ngesikhathi sokumbiwa phansi eDelphi ngo-1892, ososayensi bathola amaphutha amabili ajulile ngaphansi kwethempeli, lapho kwasala khona imikhondo ye-ethane ne-methane, okungathi, njengoba wazi, ngezilinganiso ezithile, kungadala ukudakwa okuncane.
4. Kukholakala ukuthi hhayi kuphela izakhamizi zaseGrisi eza ezinyangeni zaseDelphi, kepha nabaphathi bamanye amazwe, ababevame ukuletha izipho ezibizayo. Esinye sezipho ezivelele (ngisho noHerodotus ukhuluma ngomcimbi kumanothi akhe emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka eyedlule) kwakuyisihlalo sobukhosi segolide, esethulwe esigcawini yinkosi yaseFrigiya. Namuhla, kunesithombe esincanyana sezinyo lendlovu esitholakale endaweni yokugcina imali eduze nethempeli elihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu

Amathiphu awusizo

Uma umxhwele isithombe seDelphi eGrisi, futhi ucabanga ukuthatha uhambo lokuya kulesi sakhiwo sasendulo, naka uhlu lwezincomo ezingezansi, ezihlanganiswe ngesisekelo sokubuyekezwa kwabavakashi abavakashele indawo leyo.

1. Ukuze ubuke izinto zedolobha, kuzofanele unqobe ukukhuphuka okungaphezulu kanye nokwehla okungaphephile. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukuhamba uhambo oluya eDelphi ngezingubo ezikahle nezicathulo zemidlalo.

2. Ngaphezulu, sesivele sikhulume ngethempeli lika-Athena, kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lisendaweni engaphesheya komgwaqo osempumalanga ukusuka ezikhangisweni eziyinhloko zalesi sakhiwo. Ukungena kwamanxiwa alesi sakhiwo kumahhala ngokuphelele.
3. Lapho sekusondele isikhathi sesidlo sasemini, inani elikhulu lezivakashi liyanqwabelana eDelphi, ngakho-ke kungcono ukufika ekuseni kakhulu ukuze kuvulwe.
4. Hlela ukuchitha okungenani amahora ama-2 uvakashela inkimbinkimbi yasendulo nemnyuziyamu.
5. Qiniseka ukuthi uletha amanzi okuphuza nawe.
6. Kungcono ukuvakashela iDelphi (eGrisi) phakathi nezinyanga ezipholile ezifana noMeyi, uJuni noma u-Okthoba. Ngenkathi ephakeme, ukushisa nokushisa okuvimbayo kungadikibalisa noma ngubani ekuthatheni uhambo lwamanxiwa.

Ividiyo ngohambo oluya eDelphi.

Bukela ividiyo: Vinnytsia Murals Depicting Crimea (Juni 2024).