Imitapo yolwazi eyi-15 ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi engajwayelekile emhlabeni
Yikuphi ukuzihlanganisa onakho negama elithi library? Mhlawumbe ucabanga amakamelo adinayo anamashalofu othuli agcwele izincwadi ezigqokwa isikhathi. Noma ucabanga ukuthi ama-racks amakhulu agcina amathani amadokhumenti namafolda. Noma ngabe isithombe sakho sithwebula mfanekiso muni, akunakwenzeka ukuthi sikukhumbuze kude ukude ngalezo zincwadi zokugcina izinto esizokhuluma ngazo namhlanje endatshaneni yethu.
Leli qoqo lizoguqula ingqondo yakho, futhi uzowushintsha unomphela umbono wakho wokuthi zigcinwa kanjani izincwadi ezingavamile neziyingqayizivele. Ngakho-ke, usukulungele ukuthola ukuthi imitapo yolwazi engajwayelekile emhlabeni itholakala kuphi?
Umtapo Wezincwadi waseTrinity College
Etholakala eDublin, lo mgcinimafa wezincwadi ungomunye wemitapo yolwazi enhle kakhulu futhi engavamile emhlabeni futhi usephenduke ikhaya elihlala njalo leNcwadi Kells enemifanekiso edumile, eyenziwe ngo-800 yizindela zase-Ireland. Lesi sikhungo sisezakhiweni ezinhlanu, ezine zazo ziseTrinity College kanti esinye sisesibhedlela iSt James's. Ihholo elikhulu loMtapo Wezincwadi Omdala, elibizwa ngokuthi "Igumbi Elide", linwebeka ngamamitha angama-65. Yakhiwa phakathi kuka-1712 no-1732 kanti namuhla isinezincwadi ezingaphezu kwezingama-200,000 zemibhalo emidala kunayo yonke.
ILong Room ekuqaleni bekuyigalari evulekile enophahla oluyisicaba, lapho amavolumu abekwa kuphela emashalofini asesitezi esiphansi. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, umtapo wolwazi wathola ilungelo lokugcina ngaphakathi kwezindonga zawo ikhophi yazo zonke izincwadi ezishicilelwe e-Ireland naseGreat Britain, futhi ayengekho amashalofu anele. Ngo-1860, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwandisa indawo yokugcina izincwadi futhi kufakwe igalari engenhla kuyo, eyayidinga ukukhulisa uphahla ngamamitha amaningana futhi iguqule isimo sayo esicaba sibe isiguqo.
Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke wase-Austrian
ILabhulali Kazwelonke Yase-Austrian, eseVienna, iyindawo yokugcina izincwadi enkulu kunazo zonke e-Austria, enezincwadi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-7.4 namaphayiri angu-180,000, endala kunazo zonke kusukela ngekhulu le-15 BC, eqoqweni elihlukahlukene. e. Isungulwe ubukhosi bobukhosi bakwaHabsburgs, ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-Imperial Library", kepha ngo-1920 yathola igama layo lamanje.
Inxanxathela yomtapo wolwazi ifaka iminyuziyamu emi-4, kanye namaqoqo amaningi nezinqolobane zomlando. Inhloso enkulu yokugcina izinto ukuqoqa nokugcina umlando konke okushicilelwe e-Austria, kufaka phakathi nokushicilelwa kwemidiya ngogesi.
Isici esivelele salesi sakhiwo ukuhlobisa kwaso kwangempela: izindonga nophahla lapha kudwetshiwe ngemidwebo, futhi isakhiwo uqobo sihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso eminingi. Kungakho lo mtapo wolwazi ubhekwa njengomunye wobuhle kunabo bonke emhlabeni.
ILabhulali yeCongress
Enye indawo enhle yokugcina izincwadi isenhlokodolobha yase-US, iWashington. Yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1800 ngemuva kokuthi uMongameli uJohn Adams esayine isenzo sokususa inhlokodolobha yezwe isuke ePhiladelphia iye eWashington. Ngemuva kwalokho inhloko yezwe yaqala ukwakha umtapo wolwazi ongajwayelekile ongasetshenziswa kuphela iqembu elikhethekile labantu abazinikele abavela kuhulumeni. Namuhla iminyango yaleli gumbi ivulekele noma ngubani oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-16 ubudala, kodwa eminye imibhalo yayo egciniwe isabizwa ngokuthi "iyimfihlo" futhi ayifinyeleleki kubantu abavamile.
ILabhulali yeCongress ithathwa njengeyona enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, equkethe izigidi zezincwadi, imibhalo yesandla, amarekhodi, izithombe namamephu. Uhlelo lokuqala oluprintiwe lweSimemezelo Sokuzimela kwe-United States (1776) lwaba yikhophi yomtapo wolwazi ebaluleke kakhulu. Isikhungo samasiko esidala kunazo zonke eMelika futhi iyiCongressal Research Center. Ngaphansi komthetho wase-US, noma yikuphi ukushicilelwa okukhishwa ezweni kumele kube nekhophi elengeziwe elizothunyelwa endaweni yokugcina izinto yaseCongressional.
Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseFrance
Uhlu lwethu lwemitapo yolwazi ethokozisayo emhlabeni lubandakanya iNational Book Depository yaseFrance, eseParis. Lo mgcinimafa wezincwadi onemvelaphi yobukhosi wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1368 eLouvre Palace yiNkosi uCharles V. Kodwa ngonyaka we-1996, lo mgwaqo wathola indawo yokuhlala entsha ezakhiweni eziyimibhoshongo emine, eyakhiwe ngendlela yencwadi evulekile.
Ukuqoqwa kwalomtapo wezincwadi ongajwayelekile kuhlukile futhi akunazifanekiselo emhlabeni. Iqukethe izincwadi eziyizigidi eziyi-14, imibhalo ephrintiwe, imibhalo yesandla, izithombe, amamephu nezinhlelo, kanye nezinhlamvu zemali ezindala, izindondo nezinto zokuhlobisa. Ibuye inikeze imibhalo yomsindo nevidiyo nemibukiso yemultimedia.
KuMtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseFrance, izivakashi zingathola imininingwane ephelele futhi ebanzi, kungaba yesayensi noma yezobuciko. Minyaka yonke, ngenxa yeminikelo neminikelo, ukuqoqwa kwenqolobane kugcwaliswa ngemibhalo emisha eyizinkulungwane eziyi-150.
Umtapo Wezincwadi Wasedolobheni laseStuttgart
Omunye wemitapo yolwazi ehamba phambili eJalimane useStuttgart. Ukwakhiwa kwangaphandle kwalesi sakhiwo, okuyi-cube ejwayelekile, kulula ngokwanele futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube nokuthakazelisa, kepha ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kuyiculo lesimanjemanje nokwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha. Eyakhelwe ngonyaka we-2011, indawo yokugcina izincwadi isezitezi eziyi-9, ngayinye inikezelwe esihlokweni esihlukile, isibonelo, ubuciko noma izincwadi zezingane.
Ngeke uthole amakamelo okufunda wendabuko anempahla yasendlini lapha, kodwa umangale kamnandi ngamasofa akusasa anama-cushion. Yebo, amadokodo ahlonyiswe ngokukhethekile wokusebenzisa i-Intanethi nokulalela umculo ahambisana kuphela nokuhle okwenzeka ekamelweni.
Idizayini engajwayelekile ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo ayihloselwe kangako ukumangaza umcabango njengokuheha izivakashi kuphela ezincwadini. Yize kunjalo, izincwadi zobungcweti zikwazise kufanele ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokugcina izinto yedolobha iStuttgart futhi zakufaka ohlwini lwemitapo yolwazi engama-25 enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Umtapo Wezincwadi wase-University of Aberdeen
NgoSepthemba 2012, iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II yamemezela ukuvulwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-University of Aberdeen Library eScotland. Isakhiwo esingajwayelekile esinendawo ephelele engu-15 500 sq. amamitha aba yisikhungo semisebenzi yezemfundo nocwaningo lwabafundi baseyunivesithi. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokusebenza, ngaphezu kwezivakashi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-700 zivakashele lesi sikhungo. Iqukethe cishe imiqulu eyizinkulungwane ezingama-250 nemibhalo yesandla, kukhona igumbi lokufundela labantu abayi-1200, futhi kunegalari yombukiso, lapho kuvame ukubanjelwa khona imibukiso nezingqungquthela.
Izakhiwo zesimanje ezingajwayelekile zesakhiwo zifanelwe ukunakwa okukhethekile: i-façade yayo iyinhlanganisela yolayini nengilazi epulasitiki emhlophe, futhi maphakathi nengaphakathi liyi-futri yesikhathi esizayo esabalele ngaphezu kwamazinga ayisishiyagalombili esakhiwo. Ngenxa yomklamo wawo, lo mtapo wezincwadi usuthole ngokufanele isikhundla sokuba ngenye yezinto ezingajwayelekile nezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umtapo Wezincwadi waseBodleian
IBodleian Library, ese-Oxford, ingenye yezindala kunazo zonke eYurophu futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu eBrithani, enezincwadi nemibhalo engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-11. Yilapho amakhophi azo zonke izincwadi ezishicilelwe eNgilandi nase-Ireland eya khona. Lesi sitolo esihle sezincwadi sihlanganisa izakhiwo ezinhlanu futhi sinamagatsha amaningana emakolishi nasemanyuvesi akuleli. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukukhipha incwadi ngaphandle kwesakhiwo: izivakashi zingafunda amakhophi kuphela emakamelweni akhethekile okufunda.
Umtapo Wezincwadi waseBodleian wakhiwa ngekhulu le-14 futhi usuthuthukiswe kaningana futhi wakhuliswa. Uphawu lwayo lwentengiso yiRadcliffe rotunda engajwayelekile, enezincwadi eziningi zezokwelapha nezesayensi. Phambilini, imithetho yalesi sikhungo ibiyenqabela izivakashi ukuthatha amakhophi ezincwadi, kepha namuhla izidingo sezikhululekile, futhi manje wonke umuntu unethuba lokwenza amakhophi wamakhophi akhishwe ngemuva kuka-1900.
Umtapo wezincwadi kaJuanin
Omunye wemitapo yolwazi enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni utholakala e-University of Coimbra ePortugal. Leli gumbi lakhiwa ngekhulu le-18 ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNkosi uJoão V wasePortugal futhi laqanjwa ngaye. Lesi sakhiwo siqukethe amakamelo amathathu ahlukaniswe ngamakhothamo ahlotshisiwe. Abaculi abahle kakhulu basePutukezi basebenze kumhlobiso ongajwayelekile walesi sigcinimibhalo semibhalo, behlobisa ophahleni nezindonga zesakhiwo ngemidwebo yeBaroque.
Iqukethe imiqulu engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-250 kwezokwelapha, i-geography, umlando, ifilosofi, umthetho we-canon nemfundiso yenkolo. Kuyisikhumbuzo sangempela sikazwelonke esinenani eliyingqayizivele lomlando kuhulumeni futhi sesibe sesinye sezindawo ezinhle kakhulu ePortugal.
Umtapo wolwazi wasebukhosini
Le National Library yaseDenmark, ezinze eCopenhagen, nayo iyingxenye yeyunivesithi eyinhloko yenhlokodolobha. Lesi sitoreji esingajwayelekile sathola impilo yaso ngo-1648 sibonga inkosi uFrederick III, futhi namuhla sithathwa njengesinkulu kunazo zonke emazweni aseScandinavia. Le ndawo inenani elikhulu lomlando: ngemuva kwakho konke, ngaphakathi kwezindonga zayo kunezincwadi eziningi ezishicilelwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17.
Isakhiwo uqobo lwaso sethulwa ngendlela yamacube amabili enziwe ngengilazi nemabula emnyama, enqanyulwa ngengxenyana yengilazi. Lesi sakhiwo esisha sixhunyaniswe nomtapo wolwazi wakudala wango-1906 ngamavesi amathathu. Ngaphakathi, i-vault iyi-atrium emise okwesimanjemanje esatshalaliswa ngaphezu kwezitezi eziyi-8. Kufanele futhi sisho ukungena kwegumbi lokufundela, elihlotshiswe ngefresco eyingqayizivele engama-210 sq. amamitha. IRoyal Book Depository ukweleta umbala wayo nokuma kwayo okungajwayelekile egameni elithi "Black Diamond".
Umtapo Wezincwadi we-El Escorial
Isifunda sasebukhosini sedolobha laseSpain iSan Lorenzo de El Escorial, elisendaweni engama-45 km ukusuka eMadrid, siyindawo yokuhlala ngokomlando yenkosi yaseSpain. Kulapha lapho kutholakala khona umtapo wolwazi ongajwayelekile we-El Escorial, othathwa njengomunye wemikhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Ihholo lokugcina elikhulu lingamamitha angama-54 ubude namamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama. Lapha, emashalofini amahle aqoshiwe, kugcinwa imiqulu engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-40, phakathi kwayo umuntu angathola imibhalo yesandla ebaluleke kakhulu, njengeGolden Gospel kaHenry III.
I-Escorial Book Depository iqukethe nemibhalo yesandla yesi-Arabhu, imibhalo yomlando neyemidwebo yezithombe. Uphahla lwangaphakathi oluvundlile nezindonga zalesi sakhiwo kuhlotshiswe ngemidwebo emihle ekhombisa izinhlobo eziyi-7 zobuciko obukhululekile: izinkulumo, izilimi, umculo, uhlelo lolimi, i-arithmetic, i-geometry ne-astronomy.
Umtapo Wezincwadi WaseMarciana
Umtapo Wezincwadi Kazwelonke waseSt. Umkhiqizo ubekwe esakhiweni se-Renaissance eVenice, e-Italy. Lesi ngesinye sezinqolobane zombuso ezisekhona kuze kube namuhla, esigcina iqoqo elikhulu kunawo wonke lemibhalo yakudala nemibhalo yasendulo.
Lesi sakhiwo sihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngezithombe, amakholomu nemengamo, kanti ingaphakathi lalesi sakhiwo lihlotshiswe ngemidwebo nemidwebo, edalwe ngabadwebi abakhulu base-Italy. Ukuhlobisa okunjalo kwenza lo mgcinimafa wombhalo ube munye omuhle kunayo yonke futhi ongavamile emhlabeni. Leli khosombe linamakhophi angaphezu kwesigidi ezincwadi eziphrintiwe, imibhalo yesandla eyizinkulungwane eziyi-13 nezincwadi ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-24 ezisukela ngekhulu le-16. Amagugu omlando wangempela agcinwa lapha: itestamente likaMarco Polo, umculo wamashidi woqobo kaFrancesco Cavalli, amakhodi omndeni wakwaGonzaga nokunye okuningi.
Umtapo Wezincwadi weClementium
IClementium iyisakhiwo somlando ePrague esigcina omunye wemitapo yolwazi enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-vault, eyakhiwe ngo-1722, yenziwa ngesitayela seBaroque, futhi namuhla indawo yayo ingaphezu kwamamitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Lesi sakhiwo esingajwayelekile sigxile ezincwadini ezingama-22,000 zezincwadi eziyivelakancane ezinenani elikhulu lomlando.
Umhlobiso weClementium akuyona nje ingaphakathi elihle, kepha ubuciko bangempela kakhulu. Uphahla oluqoshiwe, ifenisha yasendulo, ujantshi wegolide ohlotshisiwe nezincwadi eziyigugu emashalofini aqoshiwe kulindele izivakashi komunye wemitapo yolwazi ethakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umtapo Wezincwadi Nesiko LaseVennesla
Indawo yokugcina izincwadi yesikhathi esizayo emhlabeni yasungulwa ngo-2011 edolobheni laseStavanger, elisogwini olusentshonalanga yeNorway. I-geometry yophahla eyingqayizivele yalesi sakhiwo isuselwe kumakhothamo enziwe ngokhuni angama-27 enziwe ngamapulangwe asetshenziswe kabusha. Kukhona ikhona lokufunda elinethezekile maphakathi ne-arc ngayinye.
Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sesimanje, kwakusetshenziswa izinkuni ikakhulu, ngakho-ke isakhiwo sihlangabezana nezidingo zemvelo eziphakeme kakhulu. Umtapo Wezincwadi waseVennesla unqobe imincintiswano eminingi yokwakha eNorway nakwamanye amazwe.
Umtapo Wezincwadi WasePortugal
ILabhulali Yasebukhosini YasePutukezi, eseRio de Janeiro, eBrazil, ikleliswe endaweni yesine ohlwini lwamakhompiyutha amahle kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Isakhiwo esingajwayelekile sibingelela izivakashi zaso nge-facade esine-spiked esinamafasitela amade nezithombe ezinama-bas-reliefs. Futhi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo uzothola ingaphakathi lamaGoth elihlanganiswe nesitayela se-Renaissance. Igumbi lokufundela laleli gumbi liyamangalisa ngekhandlela lalo elikhulu elihle, uphahla olukhulu oluyisimo sefasitela lengilazi elinamabala kanye nophansi oyinkimbinkimbi womfanekiso.
Lo mtapo wolwazi onentshisekelo uqukethe izinto zokubhala ezibaluleke kakhulu, kufaka phakathi imiqulu engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-350 kanye nezincwadi ezingavamile zangekhulu le-16-18. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amakhophi ayatholakala ngezinguqulo ze-elektroniki. Izinkulungwane zamakhophi ezincwadi ezishicilelwa ngokusemthethweni ePortugal ziza lapha minyaka yonke.
UMtapo Wezincwadi waseVictoria
Le ndawo yokugcina izincwadi enkulu kunazo zonke esifundazweni sase-Australia iVictoria itholakala eMelbourne. Umtapo wezincwadi wasungulwa ngo-1856 futhi iqoqo lawo lokuqala lalinamavolumu angama-4,000. Namuhla, lesi sakhiwo sihlanganisa wonke amabhlokhi futhi sinamakamelo okufunda amaningana, futhi kutholakale izincwadi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5 ezindaweni zokugcina izinto. Iqukethe amadayari adumile kaCaptain Cook, kanye namarekhodi obaba abasunguli baseMelbourne - uJohn Pascoe Fockner noJohn Batman.
Ngaphakathi, lesi sakhiwo sihlotshiswe ngezitebhisi namakhaphethi amahle aqoshiwe, kanye negalari encane yobuciko. Ngaphandle kunepaki eliluhlaza lapho ungazincoma khona izikhumbuzo ezihlukile zezithombe. I-State Library yaseVictoria ingabhekwa ngokufanele njengenye yezindawo zokugcina imali ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umphumela
Imitapo yolwazi engavamile kakhulu emhlabeni sekuyisikhathi eside ingabi nje kuphela iziphephelo zolwazi olukhulu, kepha futhi nezindawo ezinhle ezikhanyayo, lapho noma yimuphi umhambi onolwazi efisa ukuthola khona. Futhi ukuvakashela izinqolobane ezinjalo kungashintsha unomphela umqondo wokuthi imitapo yolwazi yangempela kufanele ibukeke kanjani.