Izinhlamvu zonkamisa kanye nongwaqa nokuhlukaniswa kwefonetiki kwegama
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenkulumo amagama, siyawaphimisa, siwabhale futhi siwafunde, sengeza imishwana nemisho kuwo. Ziqukethe izinhlamvu nemisindo eye yagxilwa ngokuqinile ezimpilweni zethu kangangoba asiziboni.
Izinhlamvu nemisindo akufani, yize kuyimiqondo ehlobene kakhulu. Sibhala izincwadi, sibone futhi sifunde, futhi sisho futhi sizwe imisindo. Izincwadi ziyizimpawu ezibhalwe ngokusobala, kuyilapho imisindo iyisici se-acoustic yamagama kanye nenkulumo yomuntu ngokujwayelekile. Ngamazwi ahlukene, imisindo ehlukene kwesinye isikhathi ihambisana nohlamvu olufanayo.
“Ekuqaleni kwakukhona izwi. Bese amagama, amagama, amagama ... " (umbhali uVladimir Kolechitsky).
"Leli gama lanikezwa umuntu hhayi ukuzanelisa yena, kodwa ukwenziwa nokwedluliswa kwalowo mcabango, lowo muzwa, lelo qiniso leqiniso kanye nogqozi analo kwabanye abantu." (umbhali V. Korolenko).
Amagatsha ahlukahlukene wesayensi yezilimi enza ucwaningo lwezinhlamvu nemisindo. Kuzwakala kufunda imisindo yefonetikinezinhlamvu zamagama ziyi ihluzo... Izincwadi zokupela ziyilungelo isipelingi.
Iqoqo lezinhlamvu zanoma yiluphi ulimi lakha izinhlamvu zalo zamagama. Izinhlamvu zolimi lwesiRussia zihlukaniswe ngongwaqa, onkamisa nabasizayo. Lezi ezisizayo zifaka phakathi lezo ezingaphethe imininingwane yomsindo - izimpawu ezinzima nezithambile.
Ongwaqa nemisindo yama-alfabhethi aseRussia
Imisindo yongwaqa nezinhlamvu kubonakaliswa ngokuthi ngesikhathi sokubiza kwabo, kuvela isithiyo esithile endleleni yomoya kulomlomo. Ngenxa yalokho, umsindo uhlala ukhona emsindweni ozwakala wongwaqa. Bathola igama elithi “ongwaqa” ngoba cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bame eduze konkamisa noma egameni elifanayo nabo.
Kunezinhlamvu ezingama-21 zongwaqa ngesiRussia:
| b | e | r | d | f | s | th |
| uku | l | m | n | P | R | kusuka |
| t | f | x | c | h | w | u |
Esinye isici songwaqa bongwaqa ukuthi abakwazi ukuhaywa. Unganweba ukuphinyiselwa kongwaqa benkondlo (ngokwesibonelo: kusuka, f, w, u), kepha "ukucula" ngeke kusebenze.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ongwaqa kumagama cishe bahlala ndawonye nonkamisa. Kodwa-ke, kunenani elilinganiselwe lamagama aqukethe ongwaqa kuphela. Kanye nezandiso uku, kusuka noma i-particle b, lawa ngamanye amagama afanele angaphandle (Krch - Indawo yasePrague; Igama lase-Armenia Mkrtch, ngesiRashiya kwesinye isikhathi ebhalwa ngonkamisa - we-euphony), kanye nezinciphiso ezifana ne- brr noma shh.
Ukwahlukaniswa kongwaqa nemisindo ngolimi lwesiRussia kusekelwe kundinganiso ye-acoustic.
Ongwaqa abazwakalayo nabangenazwi
Labo ongwaqa ababizwa ngamagama anomsindo kuphela babizwa bengenazwi. Ngokuphambene, ongwaqa abenziwe ngomsindo nomsindo babizwa ngokuzwakalayo.
| Ongwaqa abazwakalayo | b | e | r | d | f | s | l | m | n | R |
| Ongwaqa abangenazwi | uku | P | kusuka | t | f | x | c | h | w | u |
Incwadi imi yodwa th (futhi kufushane). Ngokomsindo wayo we-acoustic, uhlukaniswa njengongwaqa ozwakalisiwe, kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuphimiswa uwedwa. Incwadi th ingabizwa kuphela ngokuhambisana nomsindo wonkamisa owandulelayo noma olandelayo, isibonelo [yy], [iy], njll.
Ongwaqa ababhangqiwe nabangabhangqiwe
Ongwaqa abaningi abakhulunywayo bahambisana nabangenalo izwi. Izinhlamvu ezinjalo ezihambisana nomunye ziyabizwa kubhangqiwe... Kukhona futhi ongwaqa abangenawo umbhangqwana. Phakathi kwabo kukhona nezithulu futhi ezizwakalayo, futhi bayabizwa engabhangqiwe.
| Ukubhanqa kuzwakaliswe futhi kuyisithulu | Okungalinganiswanga kuzwakisiwe | Izithulu ezingenantanga |
|---|---|---|
| b - n | l | x |
| ku - f | m | c |
| r - k | n | h |
| d - t | R | u |
| w - w | th | |
| s - s |
Ungwaqa othambile futhi onzima
Ukuphinyiselwa kongwaqa emagameni kungaba nzima noma kuthambile. Uma umsindo ubizwa kahle, ulimi lucindezelwa kancane phambili, lusondela noma luthinta ulwanga olungaphezulu. Lapho ubiza imisindo eqinile, ulimi aluqhubeli phambili (kepha ulimi lungathinta ulwanga olungaphezulu ngenxa yokunyukela phezulu).
Ongwaqa abaningi bakhiqiza yomibili imisindo enzima nethambile, kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Ikakhulu, izincwadi f, c, w njalo unomsindo oqinile, nezinhlamvu th, h, u - ithambile.
Kwezinye izimo, ubunzima noma ukuthamba kongwaqa kunqunywa ukuthi iyiphi incwadi eza emva kwabo.
Uma ungwaqa ehambisana nezincwadi futhi, mayelana, e, eh, s, b - bese uthola umsindo oqinile. Kuyafana futhi uma ungwaqa esekupheleni kwegama noma kukhona omunye ungwaqa ngemuva kwalo.
Uma ungwaqa ehambisana nezincwadi e, e, futhi, Yu, Mina, b - khona-ke umsindo wayo uzobe uthambile.
Isifundo sevidiyo
Ongwaqa abathandanayo nabazalanayo
Abanye bongwaqa besiRashiya babizwa njengabakhe. Lena yimisindo f, w, u, hezibizwa ngongwaqa besibilant.
Elinye iqembu lemisindo engwaqaqa lapho liphuma emgodini womlomo lakha ukudlidliza kwe-acoustic okufana nekhwela. Lena yimisindo s, kusuka, c - ukushaya ikhwela.
Izici zongwaqa abangabazalanayo nabazalanayo zibonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokubiza kwabo isikhathi eside.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zale misindo ukuthi iningi lokukhubazeka kwenkulumo kuhlotshaniswa nokuphinyiselwa kwalo. Ngalesi sizathu, ukusebenza ngongwaqa abayizelamani nabazalanayo kufanele kunikezwe ukunakwa okukhethekile lapho kufundiswa izingane. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ukusilela enkulumweni okuhambisana nale misindo kungasebenza ekwelashweni kwenkulumo.
Onkamisa Russian nemisindo
Ngokungafani nongwaqa nezinhlamvu, isici sonkamisa ukuthi umoya, lapho ubizwa, udlula ngomlomo ngokukhululeka. Ngenxa yalokhu, imisindo yonkamisa ayikwazi ukwelulwa kalula nje kuphela, kepha futhi iyahaywa. Esinye isici esivelayo ukuthi zingabizwa ngokuzwakalayo njengoba uthanda, ngamandla aphelele ezwi lakho.
Ngonkamisa nemisindo, ongwaqa bahlanganiswa baba amalunga. Uhlamvu ngalunye luqukethe unkamisa oyedwa kuphela. Inani lezinye izinhlamvu - ongwaqa, izimpawu ezilukhuni nezithambile - lingahluka. Amagama angaba nohlamvu olulodwa noma ngaphezulu: incwadi ye-ros, ukuphuka, igceke, isithombe.
Inani lonkamisa besiRashiya lingu-10:
| futhi | e | e | futhi | mayelana | e | s | eh | Yu | Mina |
Futhi kunemisindo yonkamisa abayisithupha kuphela: [a], [no], [o], [y], [s], [e]. Onkamisa abahambisanayo bakhala ngazwi linye. Amanye onkamisa abangu-4 e, e, Yu, Mina - ukukhala okubili, futhi kubizwa ngokuhlukile njengo- [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngamagama, lezi zinhlamvu zisho umsindo owodwa (izibonelo: squirrel, ball, go, key).
Njengasesimweni songwaqa, kunamagama amaningi esiRashiya aqukethe onkamisa kuphela. Lezi izabizwana - Mina, wakhe; izinyunyana - futhi, futhi; izalathandawo - e, mayelana; ukuhlukaniswa - eh, ay.
Onkamisa abacindezelwe nabangacindezelwe
Ngamazwi, imisindo yonkamisa ingacindezelwa futhi ingacindezelwa.
- Uma unkamisa egameni egcizelelwa, ufundeka ngokucace kakhudlwana, ngokugcizelela okukhulu nangokudonswa kancane.
- Uma kungekho ingcindezi, onkamisa ngamagama bafundwa kahle. Ngokunjalo, isikhundla esingacindezelekile siyisikhundla esibuthakathaka kubo, futhi isikhundla esigaxeni esicindezelekile siyindawo eqinile.
Njengomthetho, ekubhaleni kwendabuko, ukucindezelwa kwamagama akumakiwe. Uma kunesidingo, zikhonjiswa ngophawu oluthi "acute" - unhlangothi omncane "/" ngaphezu kukankamisa.
Isifundo sevidiyo
Ukuqokwa komsindo ekuhlukanisweni kwefonetiki kwegama
Ukuhlukaniswa kwefonetiki noma umsindo kwegama kukhombisa ukubonisa futhi uqonde ukubizwa kwalo okulungile. Womabili amagama nezinhlamvu ngazinye kungabekwa ngocingo.
Ukuqokwa komsindo, ngokungafani nezinhlamvu, kufakwe kubakaki abayisikwele. Ukuqoshwa okucacile kokuphinyiselwa kwegama kubizwa ngokuthi ukuloba.
Imithetho eyisisekelo ngokuya ngemisindo ekhonjisiwe ekuhlukanisweni kwefonetiki kwegama imi kanje:
- Ubulukhuni bongwaqa abunawo umbandela, kepha ubumnene bukhonjiswa ngofeleba. Isibonelo, uma u- [b] umsindo onzima, khona-ke [b ’] uthambile.
- Ukuzwakala isikhathi eside ekubhaleni kukhonjiswa ikholoni, isibonelo: ibhokisi lemali - [cas: a].
- Hhayi njalo, kepha imvamisa ukucindezela kufakwa ekubhaleni amagama. Ngokwesibonelo: igagasi - [valna].
- Umaki othambile nophawu oluqinile abanakho ukuphinyiselwa komsindo, ngakho-ke akukho kukhonjiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya ifonotiki.
Isifundo sevidiyo
Ungazifundisa kanjani izingane ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisindo enzima nethambile
Kwesinye isikhathi izingane zingaba nobunzima bokuhlukanisa phakathi kongwaqa abanzima nabathambile. Kulokhu, kunamasu athile enza kube lula ukusazi kahle isihloko.
Okokuqala, udinga ukuchazela ingane ukuthi imiqondo yobulukhuni nobumnene ayibhekiseli kongwaqa kepha imisindo yabo. Nokuthi incwadi efanayo ingazwakala inzima futhi ithambile. Ake ngikunikeze isibonelo: "b"- amagama athi inqama - mhlophe,"R"- ibhande lomsebenzi,"l"- ihhashi - i-swan.
Ukuchaza okuhlukile kwezinhlamvu, ngekhanda elingcono, kunconywa ukuthi uzibhale kanjena:
- th, h, u
- f, w, c
Kuyadingeka ukuthi kucacisele ingane ukuthi izinhlamvu ezidwetshelwe zibonakala ngathi "zihlala emaphedini" - amaphedi athambile nezinhlamvu nazo zithambile.
Ukuze ingane ikhumbule kahle ngaphambi kokuthi incwadi ibe lukhuni noma ithambe, ungasebenzisa inqubo elandelayo: okokuqala, ngobuso obubucayi ebusweni bakho, funda uhlamvu olunongwaqa obunzima - bese kuthi, ngokumomotheka ebusweni bakho, ufunde olunye uhlamvu lapho loluqaqa luthambile khona. Bese wenza okufanayo nangezinye izinhlamvu namagama. Ngokwesibonelo: la – la, mu – mi, zo – zya, bo – by, ry – ryo njll. Ingane ihlobanisa ukuphinyiselwa okuthambile nokumamatheka, futhi okunzima kube nobucayi nobukhali, okuvumela ukukhumbula ngekhanda okuhlanganisiwe kwendaba.
Kancane kancane, udinga ukuthuthukisa amakhono akho, futhi wenze izivivinyo ezifanayo ngamagama alula afana nalawa: umama, obabafuthi - umalume, anti njll. Njengoba ubamba ngekhanda, kufanele usuke emagameni alula uye kulawo anzima kakhulu. Izincazelo nokuzivocavoca kufanele kushintshwe kancane kancane nemisebenzi: bhala amagama, bese ubuza ukuthi imaphi ongwaqa onzima futhi athambile.
Kungaphakanyiswa okunye ukuzivocavoca: yenza amaphilisi anamagama abhalwe ngongwaqa abathambile ngombala owodwa, nalawo aqinile komunye. Ngokwesibonelo:
- Spout
- I-CARPET
- NUMBER
- ISIFUTHA
Kunezinketho eziningi, kepha kungakuhle ukuthi ukhethe phakathi kwazo lezo ingane ezithanda kakhulu. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekuboneni okungcono kokuqukethwe, ukukhumbula ngekhanda kanye nokwenziwa okusebenzayo.
Isifundo sevidiyo
Olunye ulwazi oluhehayo nolusizo
- Imisindo namagama kungakhiwa ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Isibonelo esaziwayo ukubizwa kwamagama yizinyoni zomndeni wopholi. Ngokuqondene nemisindo engayodwana, zingabonakala nasemvelweni ongaphili - ngokugqwala kwamahlamvu, ukuvunguza komoya, amagagasi aqhamukayo. Lokhu akunakushiwo ngezinhlamvu - ngemuva kwakho konke, ukubhala kwabo okunenjongo kuphela okungabonakala njengegama, futhi lokhu kuyisici sabantu kuphela.
- Ngaphandle kwenani elincane lamagama aqukethe onkamisa kuphela, angasetshenziswa ukwakha umusho: "Eh, kuthiwani ngami?"
- Cishe wonke amagama olimi lwesiRussia aqukethe uhlamvu "f”, Yiba nemvelaphi yolunye ulimi. Kuphela maqondana namagama angavamile (isibonelo: owl) kucatshangwa imvelaphi yaseRussia, kepha lokhu akuqinisekiswanga nakanjani.
- Wonke amagama aqala ngohlamvu "th», Futhi nolunye ulimi. Isibonelo: iodine, iyogathi, iota, Yemen, Yokohama, Yorkshire, njll.
- Incwadi "e»Ngamazwi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kuthwala ukucindezeleka uqobo. Kunokuhluka okumbalwa kakhulu kulo mthetho - lawa ngamagama avela kwamanye amazwe (UKönigsberg untweza emanzini), kanye namagama ahlanganisiwe, afaka izinombolo ezintathu noma ezine - (amashumi amabili nantathu amadijithi, ezine-iminyango, eyizinkulungwane ezintathu). Kumele kuqashelwe lezo zimo ezingavamile lapho egameni elilodwa kunezinhlamvu ezimbili "e», Enye yazo iyashaqeka, kanti enye - ayicindezelekile (izinkanyezi ezintathu, amasondo amane, ukuphakamisa izindiza, ama-ruble amathathu).
- Kunamagama amaningi olimini lwesiRussia anenhlanganisela yezinhlamvu ezingavamile. Isibonelo, amagama lapho unkamisa ofanayo ephindaphindwa kathathu ngokulandelana: odla izinyoka, inhlangano yezu, intamo ende... Igama elinongwaqa abayi-7 ngokulandelana: umhlangano ophikisayo (mhlawumbe, ngezikhathi ezithile). Amagama anezimpawu ezintathu ezithambile: ukuheha, ukuncipha, ukusebenza ngobuningi, ukuheha njll. Igama elinezimpawu ezimbili ezithambile nelilodwa eliqinile: neposi... Igama le-monosyllabic elinezinhlamvu eziyi-8: ngokudlula... Kungashiwo ezinye izibonelo eziningi ezithakazelisayo.
- Noma iyiphi incwadi inezinga elithile lokuphindaphinda, izinhlamvu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ngesiRussia yilezi mayelana, e, futhi, futhi, t, n, kusuka, R... Lo mkhuba usetshenziselwa ukubona amakhodi we-cipher.
Ulwazi lwezinhlamvu nemisindo, ukupela nokubiza amagama kuyisisekelo sokufunda ulimi. Ngokulandelayo, umyalo omuhle wolimi olukhulunywayo nolubhaliwe ungenye yezinkomba zokufunda komuntu, futhi amakhono okufunda nokuqonda umbhalo uyisisekelo sokufunda ezinye izayensi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukwabiwa kwengonyama emhlabeni wanamuhla kubambeka ngokufunda noma ngokulalela, futhi yingxenye nje encane yayo - ngokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhuluma ngezilimi, okwakha uhlelo lwesibili lokukhomba, kanye nakho konke okuxhumene nakho - ukuqonda okuzwayo, ukufunda, ukubhala - kumelela umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu nezilwane. Kunzima ukweqisa ukubaluleka kwezimo ezincike ekutholeni ulimi. Le nqubo iqhubeka cishe yonke impilo, kepha iqala ngokujwayela izinhlamvu, imisindo nezinhlamvu ezisencane.