Isigodi Samakhosi - uhambo olunqamula necropolis yaseGibhithe lasendulo

Uma unenhlanhla yokuba seGibhithe, ngokuqinisekile uzovuma ukuthi lapha, budebuduze nedolobha laseLuxor, kune-grandiose necropolis - iSigodi Samakhosi. Kwaphela amakhulu amahlanu eminyaka, izakhamuzi zendawo zingcwabe ababusi basendulo baseGibhithe lapha. Ngokusho kwabavakashi abaningi, le ndawo nakanjani ifanelwe ukunakwa.

Isithombe: Valley of the Kings, Egypt

Ulwazi oluvamile

Namuhla, isiGodi saMakhosi eGibhithe sinamathuna angaba yishumi nambili, amanye aqoshwe edwaleni, kanti amanye ajule ngamamitha ayikhulu. Ukuze ufike lapho uya khona - igumbi lokungcwaba, kufanele udlule emhubheni ubude obungamamitha ayi-200. Imingcwabo yasendulo esekhona kuze kube namuhla iqinisekisa ukuthi oFaro babezilungiselele kahle ukufa kwabo. Ithuna ngalinye linamakamelo amaningana, izindonga zihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso evela empilweni yombusi waseGibhithe. Akumangalisi ukuthi isiGodi saMakhosi singesinye sezindawo ezihehayo ezithandwa kakhulu eGibhithe.

Ukungcwatshwa lapha kwenziwa ngesikhathi kusuka ngekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-11 BC. Kwaphela amakhulu amahlanu eminyaka, iDolobha Labafileyo lavela osebeni lweNayile. Futhi namhlanje kule ngxenye yaseGibhithe kumbiwa okuqhubekayo, lapho ososayensi bathola ukungcwatshwa okusha.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Emathuneni ahlukene, kutholakala ababusi ababili - owandulela lowo, kanye nomlandeli wakhe.

Ukuze kungcwatshwe, kukhethwe indawo eseduze nedolobha laseLuxor eGibhithe. Ugwadule kubukeka sengathi lwakhiwe ngokwemvelo lwendawo efana nesiGodi saMakhosi. Njengoba ababusi baseGibhithe babengcwatshwa nayo yonke ingcebo yabo, abaphangi babevame ukufika eDolobheni Labafileyo, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela amadolobha aphelele eGibhithe, abahlali bawo ababethengisa ngamasela emangcwabeni.

Uhambo lomlando

Isinqumo sokuhlela ithuna hhayi ethempelini, kodwa kwenye indawo ngekaFaro Thutmose. Ngakho-ke, wayefuna ukuvikela ingcebo enqwabelene kubaphangi. I-Valley of Thebes isendaweni enzima ukufinyelela kuyo, ngakho bekungelula kangako ngabakhohlisi ukufika lapha. Ithuna likaThutmose lalifana nomthombo, futhi igumbi lapho ufaro angcwatshwa khona ngqo lalisedwala. Isitebhisi esinyukayo siholele kuleli gumbi.

Ngemuva kukaThutmose I, abanye oharahara baqala ukungcwatshwa ngohlelo olufanayo - ngaphansi komhlaba noma edwaleni, ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-labyrinths ayinkimbinkimbi aholela egumbini elinomama, futhi kwabekwa izicupho ezinobuqili.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Emaceleni esarcophagus nomama, izipho zomngcwabo ezingadingeka empilweni yangemva kokufa zazigoqiwe.

Ngiyathokoza ukwazi! UThutmose nganginendodakazi, uHatshepsut, owashada nomfowabo, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kukayise waqala ukubusa eGibhithe. Ithempeli anikezelwe kulo liseduze naseLuxor. Imininingwane ephathelene nokuhehayo yethulwe kuleli khasi.

Amathuna

Isigodi Samakhosi eLuxor siwumhosha onamagatsha eGibhithe ohlukanisa phakathi ekugcineni kwesimo sohlamvu oluthi "T". Amathuna adumile futhi avakashelwe yiTutankhamun neRamses II.

Ukuvakashela indawo eyingqophamlando yaseGibhithe, kufanele uthenge ithikithi elikunikeza ilungelo lokuvakashela amathuna amathathu. Kungcono ukwenza lokhu ebusika, ngoba ehlobo umoya ufudumala kuze kufike ku- + 50 degrees.

Ukuhleleka kwangaphakathi kwamathuna kucishe kufane - izitebhisi eziya phansi, iphaseji, bese kuba nezitebhisi ezansi nendawo yokungcwaba uqobo. Vele, azikho izidumbu zokungcwaba emathuneni, ungabona kuphela imidwebo esezindongeni.

Okubalulekile! Ngaphakathi kwamathuna, akuvunyelwe nakancane ukuthatha izithombe nge-flash, ngoba upende, ojwayele ubumnyama amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, uyehla ngokushesha ekukhanyeni.

Amathuna alandelayo athakazelisa kakhulu kubavakashi.

Ithuna likaRamses II

Leli yindawo enkulu yokungcwaba amadwala, eyatholakala ngo-1825, kodwa ukumbiwa kwemivubukulo kwaqala kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ithuna likaRamesses II lingelinye lokuqala elaphangwa, njengoba lisendaweni yokungena eSigodini saMakhosi, futhi, bekuvame ukuba nezikhukhula ngesikhathi sezikhukhula.

Ngemuva kokuhlolwa kokuqala, ososayensi abakwazanga ukuvula iminyango kwamanye amakamelo futhi basebenzisa ithuna njengendawo yokugcina impahla. Izinto zokuqala ezitholakele zemivubukulo zatholakala ngonyaka we-1995, lapho umvubukuli uKent Weeks ethola futhi esusa wonke amakamelo okungcwaba, lapho kwakukhona cishe amashumi ayisikhombisa (ngokwenani lamadodana amakhulu kaRamses I). Kamuva, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi leli akulona nje ithuna, ngoba ngo-2006 kwatholakala amanye amagumbi angama-130. Umsebenzi wokuhlanzwa kwawo usaqhubeka.

Encwadini: Ithempeli elibabazekayo likaRamses II nalo lise-Abu Simbel. Imininingwane eningiliziwe namaqiniso athakazelisayo ngaye aqoqwe kulesi sihloko.

Ithuna likaRamses III

Kukholakala ukuthi leli thuna belihloselwe ukungcwaba indodana kaRamses III, kepha-ke, abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi igumbi alizange lisetshenziselwe inhloso yalo. Lokhu kufakazelwa yisimo esingaqediwe ukwakhiwa kwamanye amakamelo, kanye nokuhlobisa kahle kwamagumbi. URamses IV kwakufanele angcwatshwe lapha, kepha ngesikhathi esaphila waqala ukuzakhela ithuna lakhe.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ngesikhathi soMbuso waseByzantium, lesi sakhiwo sasetshenziswa njengendlu yesonto.

Ngaphandle kokuthi ithuna laziwa isikhathi eside, ucwaningo lwalo lwaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lokhu kumbiwa kwaxhaswa ngummeli waseMelika uTheodore Davis.

Ithuna likaRamses VI

Leli thuna laziwa njenge-KV9, futhi ababusi ababili bangcwatshwe lapha - uRamses V kanye noRamses VI. Lapha kuqoqwa izincwadi zomngcwabo ezibhalwe phakathi neminyaka yoMbuso Omusha. Kutholakele: Book of Caves, Book of Heavenly Cow, Book of Earth, Book of Gates, Amduat.

Izivakashi zokuqala zavela lapha endulo, njengoba kufakazelwa yimidwebo yamatshe. Imfucumfucu yasuswa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Iminyaka lapho leli thuna lakhiwa ibhekwa njengenkathi yokwehla eGibhithe. Lokhu kubonakala ekuhlobiseni kwangaphakathi - kuvinjelwe impela uma kuqhathaniswa namathuna abanye ababusi.

Ithuna likaTutankhamun

Ukutholakala okuphawuleka kakhulu yithuna likaTutankhamun, latholakala ku-1922. Umholi walo mkhankaso ukwazile ukuthola isitebhisi sezitebhisi, umgudu ovaliwe. Lapho inkosi eyayikhokhela ukumbiwa ifika eGibhithe, bakwazi ukuvula umgudu bangena egumbini lokuqala. Ngenhlanhla, ayizange iphangwe futhi yahlala isesimweni sayo sokuqala. Ngesikhathi sokumba, ososayensi bathola izinto ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu, zakopishwa ngokucophelela, zabe sezithunyelwa emnyuziyamu eCairo. Phakathi kwabanye - i-sarcophagus yegolide, ubucwebe, imaski yokufa, izitsha, inqola. I-sarcophagus enomzimba omisiwe kaFaro yayikwelinye igumbi, lapho kwakungatholakala khona izinyanga ezintathu kuphela kamuva.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ososayensi namuhla abakwazi ukuvumelana ngokuthi ngabe uTutankhamun wangcwatshwa ngobukhazikhazi obuthile, ngoba amathuna amaningi ngesikhathi sokutholwa aphangwa.

Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi kukhona amakamelo ayimfihlo ethuneni likaTutankhamun. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uNefertiti, owayebizwa ngomama kaTutankhamun, wangcwatshwa kwesinye sazo. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2017, usesho luyekile, njengoba imiphumela yeskena ikhombisile ukuthi awekho amakamelo ayimfihlo lapha. Noma kunjalo, kusenziwa ucwaningo lwemivubukulo, amaqiniso amasha ngempucuko yasendulo yaseGibhithe ayatholakala.

Njengomphumela wocwaningo, kwakwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi uTutankhamun wayenombalo owawungajwayelekile owesilisa, ngaphezu kwalokho, wanyakaza ngenduku, ngoba wayenokulimala azalwa nakho - ukuhlukaniswa konyawo. UTutankhamun ushone, engakafiki ebudaleni (eneminyaka engu-19), imbangela umalaleveva.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ethuneni kutholakale izinduku ezingama-300, zabekwa eduze kukaFaro ukuze angabhekani nobunzima ngenkathi ehamba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ethuneni eliseduze nomama kaTutankhamun, kwatholakala izidumbu ezimbili zombungu - mhlawumbe, lawa angamadodakazi kaFaro angakazalwa.

I-sarcophagus lapho uTutankhamun angcwatshwa khona yayinezici ezilandelayo:

• ubude - 5.11 m;
• ububanzi - 3.35 m;
• ukuphakama - 2.75 m;
• ikhava isisindo - ngaphezu 1 ton.

Kusuka kuleli gumbi umuntu wayengangena kwelinye, eligcwele ingcebo. Abavubukuli bachitha cishe izinyanga ezintathu beqaqa udonga olwaluphakathi kwegumbi lokuqala nethuna; ngesikhathi somsebenzi, kwatholakala izinto eziningi eziyigugu nezikhali.

Ngaphakathi kwesarcophagus kwakukhona isithombe sikaTutankhamun esimbozwe ngokuhlobisa. Ku-sarcophagus yokuqala, ochwepheshe bathola i-sarcophagus yesibili, lapho kwakukhona khona umama kafaro. Isifihla-buso segolide sasimboze ubuso nesifuba sakhe. Eduzane ne-sarcophagus, ososayensi bathola isixha esincane sezimbali ezomile. Ngokusho kokucabanga okukodwa, bashiywe ngunkosikazi kaTutankhamun.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ososayensi bathole ukuthi abanye oFaro bathatha ukubukeka kukaTutankhamun. Basayine izithombe zakhe ngamagama abo.

Ku-2019, ithuna labuyiselwa, kwafakwa uhlelo lomoya lwanamuhla ngaphakathi, kwasuswa imihuzuko ezithombeni ezisodongeni, kwafakwa ukukhanya.

Thola AMANANI noma ubhukhe noma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli fomu

Ithuna likaThutmose III

Lakhiwe ngohlelo olujwayelekile lwethuna laseGibhithe, kepha kunenye inkomba engavamile - umnyango utholakala endaweni ephakeme, edwaleni ngqo. Ngeshwa, yaphangwa, kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 yaphinda yavulwa.

Ithuna liqala ngegalari, lilandelwe nge-shaft, bese kuba nehholo elinamakholomu, kunendlela eya egumbini lokungcwaba, izindonga zihlotshiswe ngemidwebo, imibhalo eqoshiwe nemidwebo.

Ubukhulu:

• ubude - 76.1 m;
• indawo - cishe 311 m2;
• ivolumu - 792.7 m3.

Encwadini

Ithuna lika Seti I

Leli yithuna elihle kakhulu nelide kunawo wonke esiGodini saMakhosi eGibhithe, ubude balo bungu-137.19 m. Ngaphakathi kunezitebhisi eziyisithupha, amahholo ahlanganisiwe namanye amakamelo angaphezu kweshumi nambili, lapho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseGibhithe kubonakaliswa kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo. Ngeshwa, ngesikhathi sokuvulwa, ithuna lase seliphangiwe, futhi kwakungekho mummy ku-sarcophagus, kodwa ngo-1881 izinsalela zikaSeti I zatholakala enqolobaneni.

Kunezinsika eziyisithupha egumbini lokungcwaba; enye ixhumene naleli gumbi, ophahleni lwazo lapho kugcinwe khona izibalo zezinkanyezi. Komakhelwane kunamanye amagumbi amabili anezithombe zenkolo, izinkanyezi, amaplanethi.

Ithuna lingelinye lamatshe esikhumbuzo abaluleke kakhulu enkolo, akhombisa umqondo wabaseGibhithe lasendulo ngokufa kanye nempilo engenzeka emva kokufa.

Amathuna Abahlaseli

Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, izakhamizi eziningi zendawo zathengisa ngokuphanga amathuna, kwabanye lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lwaba umndeni. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ethuneni elilodwa kwakukhona ingcebo eningi kakhulu nengcebo ukuthi izizukulwane eziningana zomndeni owodwa zingahlala kahle kuyo.

Vele, iziphathimandla zendawo zazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuvimba ukweba, isiGodi saMakhosi sasigadwe ngamasosha ahlomile, kepha imibhalo eminingi yomlando iqinisekisa ukuthi iziphathimandla ngokwazo kwakuvame ukuba ngabahleli bamacala.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Phakathi kwabahlali bendawo kwakukhona abantu abaningi ababefuna ukugcina ifa lomlando, ngakho-ke bathatha izidumbu nezimfucumfucu bazithatha baya nazo ezindaweni eziphephile. Isibonelo, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, kwatholakala umgodi wezintaba ezintabeni, lapho ososayensi bathola izidumbu ezingaphezu kweziyishumi, futhi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi zazifihliwe.

Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu

Isiqalekiso sofaro

Ukuhlola ithuna likaFaro Tutankhamun kudonse iminyaka emihlanu, lapho abantu abaningi bafa kabuhlungu. Kusukela lapho, isiqalekiso sethuna sasihlotshaniswa nethuna. Sebebonke, bangaphezu kweshumi abantu abashona abahambisana nokumbiwa nokucwaningwa. Owokuqala ukufa kwakunguLord Carnarvon, owaxhasa umsebenzi wokumba, isizathu kube yi-pneumonia. Kwakunemibono eminingi mayelana nembangela yokufa kwabantu abaningi - ukhunta oluyingozi, imisebe, ubuthi obugcinwe ku-sarcophagus.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! U-Arthur Conan Doyle naye wayengumlandeli wesiqalekiso sethuna.

Ukulandela uLord Carnarvon, uchwepheshe owenza i-X-ray kamama washona, ngaleso sikhathi umvubukuli owavula igumbi lokungcwaba uyafa, ngemuva kwesikhashana umfowabo kaCarnarvon kanye no-colonel owayehamba nokumba bafa. Ngesikhathi kumbiwa eGibhithe, inkosana yayikhona, umkayo wayibulala, kwathi ngemuva konyaka kwabulawa umbusi-jikelele weSudan. Unobhala womuntu wezinto zakudala uCarter, ubaba wakhe, uyabhubha kungazelelwe. Ekugcineni ohlwini lokufa kabuhlungu umfowabo kaCarnarvon ngamzali munye.

Kwakunemibiko emaphephandabeni ngokufa kwabanye ababambe iqhaza ekumbeni, kepha ukufa kwabo akuhlotshaniswa nesiqalekiso sethuna, ngoba bonke babegugile futhi, mhlawumbe, babulawa yizimbangela zemvelo. Kuyaphawuleka, kepha ukuthi isiqalekiso asimthintanga umvubukuli omkhulu - uCarter. Ngemuva kwalolu hambo, waphila eminye iminyaka engu-16.

Kuze kube manje, ososayensi abakafiki esivumelwaneni - ngabe kukhona isiqalekiso sethuna, ngoba inani elinjalo lokufa kwabantu liyinto engavamile.

Ngiyathokoza ukwazi! Bude buduze nesiGodi saMakhosi kuneSigodi samaQueens, lapho bekungcwatshwa khona amakhosikazi namanye amalungu omndeni. Amathuna abo ayenesizotha kakhudlwana, kuncane kakhulu izinto ezitholwe kuwo.

Ukuhambela esiGodini saMakhosi

Indlela elula yokuvakashela isiGodi saMakhosi, esilondolozwe ngezikhathi zeGibhithe lasendulo, ukuthenga uhambo oluya eHurghada kumuntu ohambela izindawo noma ehhotela.

Uhlelo lokuvakasha lumi kanje: iqembu lezivakashi lilethwa ngebhasi eDolobheni Labafileyo; kukhona isitobhi sebhasi emnyango. Kunzima futhi kuyakhathaza ukuhamba endaweni yaseSigodini saMakhosi ngezinyawo, ngakho-ke isitimela esincane sishayela izivakashi.

Enye indlela yokuvakashela lesi sikhangiso ukuthatha itekisi. Uma ucabanga ngamanani walolu hlobo lwezokuthutha, kungcono ukuqasha imoto ngokuhlanganyela.

Izindleko zohambo oluvela eHurghada zingama-euro angama-55 kubantu abadala, ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-10 ubudala - ama-euro angama-25. Le ntengo ibandakanya isidlo sasemini, kepha udinga ukuthatha iziphuzo uhambe nazo.

Ngiyathokoza ukwazi! Njengomthetho, njengengxenye yohambo, izivakashi nazo zivakashela ezinye izindawo ezithokozisayo, ngokwesibonelo, imboni kawoyela wamafutha noma imboni ye-alabaster.

Amacebo awusizo

1. Ukudubula kuvunyelwe, kepha ngaphandle kuphela, ngaphakathi kwamathuna, le ndlela ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa.
2. Thatha nesigqoko, kanye namanzi amaningi, njengoba izinga lokushisa ehlane lingehli ngaphansi kwezingu-40 degrees ebusika.
3. Khetha izicathulo ezintofontofo, njengoba kuzodingeka uhambe emhubheni.
4. Kungcono izingane ezincane nabantu abanempilo ebuthakathaka ukwenqaba uhambo olunjalo.
5. I-Valley of the Kings inendawo yezivakashi enamakhefi nezitolo zezikhumbuzo.
6. Qaphela - ezitolo zezikhumbuzo izivakashi zivame ukukhohliswa - umuntu ukhokhela isithombe samatshe, bese umthengisi epakisha isithombe sobumba, esibiza i-oda elincane kakhulu.
7. Budebuduze nedolobha laseLuxor kukhona: isakhiwo sethempeli laseMedinet Abu nesigodlo; Ithempeli laseKarnak, ukwakhiwa kwalo kwenziwa iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili; Ithempeli laseLuxor elinamakholomu, izithombe ezibaziweyo, izinsizakusebenza.

8. Amahora okuvula we-Valley of the Kings: ngenkathi efudumele kusuka ku-06-00 kuya ku-17-00, ezinyangeni zasebusika - kusuka ku-6-00 kuye ku-16-00.
9. Intengo yamathikithi yalabo abafika bebodwa ngama-euro ayi-10. Uma ufuna ukuvakashela ithuna likaTutankhamun, kuzofanele ukhokhe amanye ama-euro ayishumi.

Okutholakele okusindayo kokuvubukula eMzini Wabafileyo kubuyela emuva ku-2006 - abavubukuli bathola ithuna eline-sarcophagi emihlanu. Kodwa-ke, isiGodi saMakhosi asikahlolwa kahle. Kungenzeka, kusekhona izimfihlo eziningi, izimfihlakalo ezingaqondakali, lapho ochwepheshe basazosebenza khona.

Ukutholwa okusha ethuneni likaTutankhamun:

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