UHagia Sophia: umlando omangalisayo wemnyuziyamu e-Istanbul

IHagia Sophia ingesinye sezikhumbuzo ezinkulu zomlando ezikwazile ukumelana kuze kube sekhulwini lama-21 futhi ngasikhathi sinye singalahlekelwa ubukhulu namandla aso angaphambili, okunzima ukukuchaza. Lapho selike laba yithempeli elikhulu kunawo wonke eByzantium, kamuva laguqulwa laba yisonto lamaSulumane e-Istanbul. Lesi ngesinye sezakhiwo ezimbalwa emhlabeni lapho, kuze kube nguJulayi 2020, izinkolo ezimbili zahlangana ngasikhathi sinye - ubuSulumane nobuKrestu.

I-cathedral ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isimangaliso sesishiyagalombili somhlaba, futhi-ke, namuhla singesinye sezindawo ezivakashelwa kakhulu edolobheni. Itshe lesikhumbuzo linenani elikhulu lomlando, ngakho-ke lafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu amasiko e-UNESCO. Kwenzeka kanjani ukuthi komunye umbala oyindida wobuKristu wahlangana nombhalo wesi-Arabhu? Indaba engakholekiyo yeHagia Sophia Mosque (eyayiyiCathedral) e-Istanbul izositshela ngalokhu.

Indaba emfushane

Kuthathe isikhashana ukwakha isonto elikhulu laseSt. Sophia nokulenza lingapheli amandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amasonto amabili okuqala, akhiwe esizeni sethempeli lesimanje, ame amashumi ambalwa kuphela eminyaka, futhi womabili amabhilidi acekelwa phansi yimililo emikhulu. Isonto lombhishobhi lesithathu laqala ukwakhiwa kabusha ngekhulu lesi-6 ngesikhathi sokubusa kombusi waseByzantium uJustinian I. Abantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi babebambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwalesi sakhiwo, okwakwenza ukuthi kwakhiwe ithempeli lesilinganiso esimangalisa kangaka eminyakeni emihlanu nje kuphela. IHagia Sophia eseConstantinople iminyaka eyinkulungwane yonke yahlala iyisonto eliyinhloko lobuKristu eMbusweni waseByzantium.

Ngo-1453, uSultan Mehmed uMnqobi wahlasela inhlokodolobha yaseByzantium wayinqoba, kepha akazange alibhubhise leli bhishobhi elikhulu. Umbusi wase-Ottoman wahlatshwa umxhwele ubuhle nobukhulu besonto elikhulu waze wanquma ukuliguqula libe yisonto lamaSulumane. Ngakho-ke, kwanezelwa ama-minaret esontweni langaphambili, laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Aya Sofya futhi lasebenza iminyaka eyi-500 njenge-mosque eyinhloko yedolobha kuma-Ottoman. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemuva kwalokho, abaklami base-Ottoman bathatha uHagia Sophia njengesibonelo lapho bemisa amathempeli amaSulumane anjengoSuleymaniye neBlue Mosque e-Istanbul. Ukuthola incazelo eningiliziwe ngalokhu okwedlule, bona leli khasi.

Ngemuva kokwehlukaniswa koMbuso Wase-Ottoman nokufika kwamandla e-Ataturk, kwaqala umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa kwamatshe amakhemikhali obuKristu namafresco eHagia Sophia, kwathi ngo-1934 yanikezwa isikhundla semnyuziyamu nesikhumbuzo sezakhiwo zaseByzantium, esaba uphawu lokuhlangana kwezinkolo ezimbili ezinkulu. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele eTurkey ezibhekene nezindaba zomlando zamafa ziye zafaka kaninginingi icala lokubuyisela isimo sesonto lamaSulumane emnyuziyamu. Kuze kube nguJulayi 2020, bekungavunyelwe ukubamba izinkonzo zamaSulumane ngaphakathi kwezindonga zalesi sakhiwo, futhi amakholwa amaningi abone kulesi sinqumo ukwephulwa kwenkululeko yenkolo.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ngoJulayi 10, 2020, iziphathimandla zanquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini kuthandazelwe amaSulumane. Ngosuku olufanayo, ngemuva kwesimemezelo sikaMongameli wase-Turkey u-Erdogan, u-Aya Sofya ngokusemthethweni waba yisonto lamaSulumane.
Funda futhi: ISuleymaniye Mosque yithempeli elidumile lamaSulumane e-Istanbul.

Izakhiwo kanye nomhlobiso wangaphakathi

IHagia Sophia Mosque (Cathedral) eseTurkey iyisisekelo esingunxande esime ngendlela yakudala enama-naves amathathu, engxenyeni esentshonalanga lapho kukhona ama-vestibule amabili. Ubude bethempeli ngamamitha ayi-100, ububanzi buyi-69.5 metres, ukuphakama kwedome ngamamitha angama-55.6, nobubanzi bayo ngamamitha angama-31. Impahla eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kwalesi sakhiwo kwakuyimabula, kodwa kwasetshenziswa izitini zobumba ezingasindi nezitini zesihlabathi. Ngaphambi kwesithambiso sikaHagia Sophia, kukhona igceke elinomthombo phakathi. Futhi iminyango eyisishiyagalolunye iholela kumnyuziyamu uqobo: ezinsukwini zakudala, ngumbusi kuphela owayengasebenzisa ophakathi.

Kepha noma ngabe isonto libukeka kahle kanjani ngaphandle, ubuciko bokwakha bangempela buqukethwe ekuhlobiseni kwalo kwangaphakathi. Ihholo le-basilica liqukethe imidwebo emibili (engenhla nangaphansi), eyenziwe ngemabula, engeniswe ngokukhethekile e-Istanbul isuka eRoma. Isigaba esiphansi sihlotshiswe ngezinsika eziyi-104, kanti isigaba esingaphezulu - 64. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola indawo esontweni elikhulu ebelingeke lihlotshiswe. Ingaphakathi liqukethe amafresco amaningi, izinto zokubumba, okokumboza isiliva negolide, iterracotta nezinto zophondo lwendlovu. Kunenganekwane yokuthi ekuqaleni uJustinian wayehlele ukuhlobisa umhlobiso wethempeli ngegolide lonke, kepha ababhuli bamvimba, bebikezela izikhathi zababusi abampofu nabahahayo ababengeke bashiye nomkhondo wesakhiwo sikanokusho.

Okubaluleke kakhulu ku-cathedral yizakhiwo zaseByzantine nemidwebo. Zigcinwe kahle impela, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ama-Ottoman eza eConstantinople avele afaka izithombe zobuKristu, ngaleyo ndlela evimbela ukubhujiswa kwabo. Ngokuvela kwabanqobi baseTurkey enhlokodolobha, ingaphakathi lethempeli lalekelelwa nge-mihrab (okufana nokufana ne-altare lamaSulumane), ibhokisi lesultan kanye nemabula yemabula (ipulpiti esontweni lamaSulumane). Futhi amakhandlela endabuko obuKristu ashiye ingaphakathi, elithathelwe indawo ngamakhandlela avela kwizibani zesithonjana.

Enguqulweni yokuqala, i-Aya Sofya e-Istanbul ikhanyiswe ngamafasitela angama-214, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa yezakhiwo ezingeziwe ethempelini, kwasala ezaziyi-181 kuphela. Amahlebezi athi njalo uma kubalwa, iminyango emisha ayikaze ibonwe phambilini. Ngaphansi kwengxenye yomhlabathi yesakhiwo, kwatholakala imigudu engaphansi komhlaba, egcwele amanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngesikhathi sesinye sezifundo zemigudu enjalo, ososayensi bathola indawo eyimfihlo esukela esontweni elikhulu iye kwenye indawo eyaziwayo yase-Istanbul - isigodlo iTopkapi. Ubucwebe nezinsalela zomuntu nazo zitholakele lapha.

Umhlobiso womnyuziyamu ucebe kakhulu kangangokuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuwuchaza kafushane, futhi asikho nesisodwa isithombe seHagia Sophia e-Istanbul esikwazi ukudlulisa umusa, umoya namandla akhona kule ndawo. Ngakho-ke, qiniseka ukuthi uvakashela lesi sikhumbuzo esiyingqayizivele somlando futhi uzibonele ubukhulu baso.

Ufika kanjani lapho

IHagia Sophia itholakala eSultanahmet Square, esifundeni sedolobha elidala lase-Istanbul elibizwa ngeFatih. Ibanga ukusuka e-Ataturk Airport kuye ekukhangeni yi-20 km. Uma uhlela ukuvakashela ithempeli ngokushesha lapho ufika edolobheni, lapho-ke ungafika endaweni ngetekisi noma ngezithuthi zomphakathi, ezimelwe ngumasipala kanye nethilamu.

Ungafika esitimeleni ngqo kusuka esakhiweni sezindiza, ngokulandela izimpawu ezihambisanayo. Udinga ukuthatha ulayini we-M1 bese wehla esiteshini seZeytinburnu. Imali yokugibela izoba ngu-2.6 tl. Ngemuva kokuphuma esitimeleni, kuzodingeka uhambe ibangana elingaphezu kwekhilomitha uye empumalanga ngomgwaqo uSeyit Nizam, lapho kutholakala khona isitimela sakwaTram Kabataş - Bağcılar tram (intengo ngohambo ngalunye ngo-1.95 tl). Udinga ukwehla esitobhini saseSultanahmet, futhi ngamamitha ayi-300 nje uzothola esontweni elikhulu.

Uma uya ethempelini hhayi usuka esikhumulweni sezindiza, kodwa usuka kwenye indawo edolobheni, kulokhu-ke futhi udinga ukungena kulayini we-T 1 tram bese wehla esitobhini saseSultanahmet.

Encwadini: Kukusiphi isifunda sase-Istanbul okungcono ukuthi izivakashi zihlale izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Qhathanisa amanani entengo yokuhlala usebenzisa leli Fomu

Imininingwane ewusizo

• Ikheli eliqondile: Sultanahmet Meydanı, Fatih, İstanbul, Türkiye.
• Imali yokungena: mahhala.
• Isikhathi somkhuleko sitholakala kuwebhusayithi: namazvakitleri.diyanet.gov.tr.

Amathiphu awusizo

Uma uhlela ukuvakashela uHagia Sophia e-Istanbul, qiniseka ukuthi unaka izincomo zabavakashi asebevakashele lapha. Nathi, ngemuva kokufunda ukubuyekezwa kwabahambi, sihlanganise amathiphu ethu awusizo kakhulu:

1. Kuhle ukuya ekukhangeni ngo-08: 00-08: 30 ekuseni. Ngemuva kuka-09: 00, kunolayini abade ethempelini elikhulu, futhi ukuma ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi ekuphakameni kwenkathi yehlobo, kuyakhathaza impela.
2. Uma, ngaphezu kukaHagia Sophia, uhlela ukuvakashela ezinye izindawo eziwubuciko zase-Istanbul ngomnyango okhokhelwayo, khona-ke sikucebisa ukuthi uthenge ikhadi elikhethekile lomnyuziyamu elisebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwedolobha elikhulu. Izindleko zayo zingu-125 tl. Ukudlula okunjalo ngeke nje konge imali, kepha futhi kuzogwema nolayini abade ekuphumeni.
3. Khumula izicathulo ngaphambi kokunyathela ukhaphethi.
4. Gwema ukuvakashela i-mosque ngesikhathi sokuthandaza (amahlandla ama-5 ngosuku), ikakhulukazi emini ngoLwesihlanu.
5. Abesifazane bavunyelwe ukungena kuHagia Sophia begqoke amaduku kuphela. Bangabolekwa mahhala emnyango.
6. Kungenzeka uthathe isithombe somhlobiso wangaphakathi wesakhiwo, kepha akufanele uthathe izithombe zalabo abathandazayo.

7. Qiniseka ukuthi uletha amanzi. Kuyashisa impela e-Istanbul phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ketshezi. Amanzi angathengwa endaweni yesonto elikhulu, kepha kuzobiza kaningi ngaphezulu.
8. Abavakashi abavakashele umnyuziyamu bancoma ukuthi kungabi ngaphezu kwamahora amabili ukuvakashela iHagia Sophia.
9. Sincoma ukuthi uqashe umhlahlandlela wokwenza ukuvakasha kwakho ethempelini kuphelele ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungathola umhlahlandlela okhuluma isiRussia ngqo emnyango. Ngamunye wabo unenani lakhe, kepha eTurkey ungahlala uxoxisana.
10. Uma ungafuni ukusebenzisa imali kumhlahlandlela, bese uthenge umhlahlandlela wokulalelwayo, futhi uma le nketho ingakufaneli, ngaphambi kokuvakashela i-cathedral, bukela ifilimu eningiliziwe ngoHagia Sophia weNational Geographic.
11. Abanye abahambi bayeluleka ngokungahambeli ethempelini kusihlwa, ngoba, ngokusho kwabo, emini kuphela lapho ungabona khona yonke imininingwane yangaphakathi.

Umphumela

UHagia Sophia ngokungangabazeki uyisikhangiso okufanele sibonwe e-Istanbul. Futhi usebenzisa imininingwane nezincomo ezivela ku-athikili yethu, ungahlela uhambo oluphelele futhi uthole okuningi emnyuziyamu.

Bukela ividiyo: History of Hagia Sophia ft. Hikma History (Juni 2024).