Yini imali - incazelo, izinhlobo nemisebenzi yemali + umlando wokubukeka nentuthuko

Sawubona, bafundi abathandekayo bemagazini ye-Ideas for Life! Namuhla sizokhuluma ngemali nemisebenzi yayo - ukuthi iyini, uyini umlando wemvelaphi yemali, yiziphi izinhlobo zemali ezikhona esikhathini sethu.

Ngendlela, ubonile ukuthi idola selivele lingakanani? Qala ukwenza imali ngomehluko wamanani wokushintshana lapha!

Ngokutadisha ngokucophelela i-athikili kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekugcineni, uzofunda futhi:

• yini ingqikithi yemali;
• oweza nemali yokuqala;
• yini imisebenzi esemqoka yemali;
• banaziphi izakhiwo;
• yini iqhaza lemali emnothweni.

Ekupheleni kwendatshana uzothola izimpendulo zemibuzo ethandwa kakhulu ngalesi sihloko.

Ngakho asihambe!

Funda ngokuthi iyini imali, uyini umlando wokuvela kwemali, ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi abayenzayo nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona - funda kumagazini wethu.

1. Iyini imali - incazelo kanye nengqikithi yemali 💸

Isihloko semali sikhathaza abantu abaningi. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu olwela ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi kuyini nokuthi yiziphi izici zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali ingumqondo oyisisekelo emnothweni wezezimali. Uma sibheka lo mqondo ngombono we-encyclopedic, incazelo yemali izoba ngale ndlela elandelayo:

Imali - lolu uhlobo lomkhiqizo olukhethekile olunemali eningi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imininingwane yemali ilele ekutheni ayithwali inani labathengi. Kepha ziyindlela yokushintshanisa yendawo yonke - ungathenga konke okudingayo ngazo.

Eqinisweni, imali iyimpahla edingwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iningi lifuna ukuba nalo ngobuningi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izici eziyinhloko zemali zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• ziyithuluzi lokushintshanisa izimpahla nezinsizakalo;
• ikuvumela ukuthi ulinganise inani, okungukuthi, inani lanoma yiziphi izinto ezithengisiwe;
• kuyisilinganiso somsebenzi wokulinganisa, kanye nokukala inani lezinto ezibonakalayo nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwayo.

Ngubani owasungula imali - umlando wokuvela kwemali

2. Umlando wemvelaphi yemali (kusukela endulo kuze kube manje) 📚

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, abantu basebenzise kuphela ukushintshana, bashintsha imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo kuzo zonke izinto abazidingayo. Kodwa-ke, le nketho isebenze kahle kuphela emiphakathini emincane lapho wonke umuntu esebenzela ukuzuzisa wonke umphakathi.

Kancane kancane, ngokuthuthuka kobudlelwano phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene, kwadingeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe uhlobo oluthile lweyunithi yendawo yonke, wonke umuntu angakulungela ukuyishintshanisa nganoma yimuphi umkhiqizo. Ngenxa yalokhu, basungulwa imali.

2.1. Isendlalelo somlando, ukushintshaniswa kokuqala

Izazi-mlando zithi imali yensimbi yombuso yaqala ukusetshenziswa kuphi. Phakathi kokucatshangwayo, okuvelele kakhulu kukhona I-China, I-Persia futhi Umbuso waseLydian... Lokhu akusho izifundazwe zesimanje, kepha kuphela ababanduleli babo bomlando, ababekhona ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule futhi asebanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.

Namuhla, isintu sanamuhla sinokutholwa kwemivubukulo kuphela njengokuqinisekisa, kanye nenani elincane lamarekhodi asindile ezikhathini zethu. Imali yokuqala yandulelwe U-Alansokukhulunywa ngakho eBhayibhelini.

Ezinye izazi-mlando ziyavuma ukuthi kunoma iyiphi impucuko engashiwongo ngegama, imali yensimbi yayisetshenziswa ekusakazweni ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi isintu siyoke sazi ngakho.

Ekuqaleni, besisebenzisa njengesilinganiso senani ama-ingots ensimbi ayigugu... Kodwa-ke, kulesi sigaba, kungalungile ukubabiza ngemali yenani eligcwele. Empeleni, lokhu kungukushintshana okufanayo, kepha ukusebenzisa ubucwebe njengendlela yokushintshanisa.

2.2. Ngubani oqhamuke nemali yokuqala?

Izazi-mlando eziningi zithambekele ekukholweni ukuthi izwe lokuqala ukwethula imali ngensimbi ekusakazeni kwaba Umbuso waseLydian... Lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholwa kwabavubukuli, abaneminyaka emincane Okuningi 2 500 iminyaka.

Kukhona nobufakazi obungokomlando bokuthi umuntu wokuqala owaphakamisa ukuthi kusetshenziswe imali yensimbi inkosi udariyu... Ngenxa yalokhu, ubudlelwane bezohwebo benziwe lula kakhulu.

Ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwemali, kwakudingeka ukuthi kutholakale umuntu owayenezimpahla ezidingekayo, bese emncenga ukuba ashintshisane ngezinto umthengi ayenazo esitokweni. Ngenxa yokwethulwa kwezinhlamvu zemali, kwaba lula ukuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo kumuntu wokuqala.

Kakade ngalezo zinsuku abathengisi baqala ukuya kwamanye amazwe futhi basakaza izindaba. Sibonga u imali kube lula kakhulu futhi yona uqobo ibinenzuzo ebonakalayo, basheshe bathola ukwamukelwa okujwayelekile.

Kodwa-ke, lapho sekuvele ukuvela kwezinhlamvu zemali zokuqala, abantu babebhekene nenkinga yokukhetha ukuthi iyiphi ukuthi yini okufanele uyixoxe... Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuvele ngale nkathi abenzi bomgunyathi bokuqala.

2.3. Umsuka wegama elithi "uhlamvu lwemali"

Abantu abaningi bayazibuza: uyini umsuka waleli gama uhlamvu lwemalikusho ukuthini? Ngokumangazayo, lo mqondo uhlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu basendulo baseRoma.

Izinhlamvu zemali zokuqala zazenziwe ethempelini elalinikezelwe kunkulunkulukazi wasendulo waseRoma uJuno. Wayephethe isihloko i-moneta... Yileli gama elaqala ukusetshenziswa ukubhekisa emalini yensimbi eyenziwe ngopende. Kancane kancane, igama lesiLatini laqala ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.

AmaRoma aqhubeka nemikhankaso, ezama ukunqoba isibalo esiphezulu sezindawo. Ngenxa yalokhu, imali isabalale cishe kuyo yonke indawo IYurophukanye nezingxenye ENyakatho Afrika... Izizwe ezingamaqaba ezihlala kule ndawo bekufanele zamukele umlando namasiko, zisebenzise impumelelo yoMbuso WaseRoma.

Lokhu yikho kanye okufakazelwa yimininingwane yomlando. Kepha yonke imibhalo ibhalwe ngabaphumelele.

2.4. Umbono wemvelaphi yemali yokuqala yamaphepha

Ukuvubukulwa kwemivubukulo kuveze ukuthi ku I-China zemali kwadingeka isimo esingunxande... Ngasikhathi sinye, akucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi siyini isizathu salo mehluko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimbi encibilikisiwe ithatha kalula ukuma kweqanda. Le yinto esondele kunazo zonke ohlakeni lwemali oluyindilinga.

E-China, ngesikhathi esithile somlando, kwavela ubunzima ngokukhishwa kwezinsimbi. Ngakho-ke, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuqinisekisa ukutholwa kwenani lezinhlamvu zemali ezanele ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sazo. Bekufanele ngithole indlela yokuxazulula le nkinga. Okwamanje, lesi sifunda besilokhu sikhiqiza iphepha izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Umbuso uzibophezele ekushintsheni ama-banknotnot ngezinhlamvu zemali ezifunwayo. Isithembiso esifanayo singanikezwa omunye nomunye kubantu ngenkathi bethenga futhi bethengisa (ukushintshanisa) izinto.

Umqondo wemali engamaphepha wawukhanga kubabusi bamazwe amaningi. Kepha eYurophu yethulwa kamuva kakhulu. Isizathu salokhu bekungukuhlukaniswa kweChina namanye amazwe.

ERussia naseYurophu, sebenzisa ngenkuthalo ukuqhuma, ezisetshenziswe njengezibopho zamaphepha nemali engamaphepha, sekusanda kwenziwa - mayelana 300 iminyaka edlule... Isizathu salesi sinqumo kwaba isisindo esikhulu semali. Ukuze ukhokhe ngezinhlamvu zemali ngokuthenga okukhulu, bekufanele uphathe izikhwama ezinkulu.

2.5. Umlando wokwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemali - kafushane

Ukufingqa, singagqamisa Izinhlobo eziyisithupha zemali, Esikhundleni saso ekuthuthukisweni kwempucuko yabantu:

1. ama-ingots avela ezinsimbini eziyigugu;
2. imali yokuqala yensimbi esetshenziswe embusweni waseLidiya;
3. izinhlamvu zemali zasendulo zaseRoma;
4. Imali yokuqala kaDariyu;
5. Izinhlamvu zemali ezivela eChina zingunxande;
6. izaphulelo - izibopho namarisidi asephepheni.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemali akugcinanga lapho futhi. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okusheshayo kuyisici somphakathi wanamuhla. Ubuchwepheshe bamakhompiyutha buthatha kancane kancane ukufaka amaphepha ephepha. Namuhla, akusavamile ukukhokha phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe.

Kancane kancane, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okushiwo yimali ebonakalayo kuyesulwa kwimemori. Kodwa-ke, kokubili ukwethulwa kwabo esikhathini esedlule kanye nokushiya kwabo kancane kancane ezimweni zanamuhla kuguqula umhlaba ube ngcono. Ngenxa yokuthuthuka kwe-Intanethi nobuchwepheshe, izinga le-automation likhula kakhulu ↑. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi kunqatshwe ngokuphelele izinhlamvu zemali nemibhalo engamaphepha esikhathini esizayo.

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Ngale ndlela, ngaphandle kokungabaza, lowo owasungula imali waba negalelo elikhulu emlandweni. Kodwa-ke, igama lomdali kuphela ongabongwa ngalokhu alilethwanga kumuntu wanamuhla. Kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi umqondo wokudala imali uvele cishe ngasikhathi sinye ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yemali emnothweni

3. Imisebenzi yemali neqhaza labo kwezomnotho - ukubuka konke kwemisebenzi eyisi-6 (kafushane nangokucacile) 📝

Kancane kancane, ngokuthuthuka komphakathi ophucukile, kanye nobudlelwano bezohwebo, imisebenzi yemali yanda ngokuqhubekayo. Ekuqaleni, zazisetshenziselwa ukukala inani lezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezahlukahlukene. Kamuva, imali yaqala ukufeza eminye imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emphakathini.

Umsebenzi wemali Ingabe ukubonakaliswa okukhethekile kwendima yabo kwezomnotho (umsebenzi wezomnotho womphakathi).

Manje uyini umsebenzi wemali?

Umsebenzi 1. Imali njengesilinganiso senani

Umsebenzi wemali njengesilinganiso senani lakheka enqubeni yamanani. Yimali esiza ukunquma inani lomkhiqizo noma insizakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulingana kwendawo yonke kusiza ukuqhathanisa inani lemikhiqizo ehlukile yezabasebenzi komunye nomunye.

Intengo Ingabe isibonisi senani lezimpahla namasevisi ngendlela yezinombolo. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenziwa ngokuya ngezimo zokwenziwa kwezimpahla noma izinsizakalo ngokuya ngezinsizakusebenza ezisetshenzisiwe kuleli cala.

Kwakunzima ukuqhathanisa izindleko zemikhiqizo ngaphandle kokuziletha ezingeni elithile. Noma yikuphi ubuningi bomzimba kukalwa ngamayunithi afanele. Kulokhu, inani lingalinganiswa ngemali.

Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwenani elilingana nenani lomhlaba wonke, isidingo sokubala okuyinkimbinkimbi kwenani lezimpahla namasevisi ahlukahlukene sanyamalala.

Kwezomnotho zesimanje, amanani abalwa ngokwahlukana komkhiqizo ngamunye. Kulokhu, kufanele ubheke zonke izinsiza ezisetshenzisiwe - izinto zokwakha, izindleko zabasebenzi, njalonjalo.

Ukwenza izibalo zibe lula, ukusetshenziswa njengento esemqoka yalokhu kusizile uphiko lwemali lombuso... Kwezinye izimo, lapho umnotho wezwe ungazinzile, imali yamanye amazwe ingasetshenziswa.

Umsebenzi 2. Imali njengendlela yokuthenga

Isebenza njengesikhungo sokuthenga, imali ibandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kwenqubo yokuhweba, equkethe ukuthenga nokuthengisa ukuthengiselana.

Kule nqubo yezezimali, imali ikhona izindlela zokujikeleza... Basiza ukugcina izinga eliqhubekayo lenqubo yenzuzo.

Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthengisa, kuvame ukuthi kube nesikhathi esisalele phakathi kokutholwa kwempahla nokudluliswa kwenkokhelo yayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abathengisi banganikeza abathengi nge ukuhlehliswa... Ngokunjalo, kuvela umqondo omusha wezomnotho - isikweletu.

Umsebenzi 3. Imali njengendlela yokukhokha

Ukuthuthuka okwalandela kohlaka lwezomnotho kwaholela ekutheni imali ibinomunye umsebenzi. Kancane kancane, ezezimali zathatha indawo yezindlela zokukhokha ezigcwele.

Okwamanje, yimali engasetshenziselwa ukukhokhela imikhiqizo, ukufeza ezinye izibopho.

Umsebenzi 4. switchgear

Ingqikithi yomsebenzi wokusabalalisa ukudluliselwa kwesinye isihloko kuya kwesinye semali ethile. Kulokhu, owokuqala akasitholi isinxephezelo.

Lo msebenzi wemali usebenza njengesisekelo somsebenzi wanoma isiphi isabelomali sikahulumeni, kanye nokwabiwa kwemali engenayo yezinhlangano. Izinhlelo ezinkulu zenhlalo zihlala zisekelwe ngqo emsebenzini okukhulunywa ngawo.

Umsebenzi 5. Imali njengesitolo senani nokonga

Imali ayisetshenziselwa ukukhokhela imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kuphela, kodwa futhi njengesisekelo somcebo. Ngamanye amazwi, imithombo yezimali ingagcinwa njengokulondolozwa, okunikelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali ingakhuphuka ngokutshala imali ekwenzeni ibhizinisi lakho, amaphrojekthi athembisayo. Sibhale ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe lapha.

Lo msebenzi wemali ucacisa ngokuphelele yonke inqubo yokutshala imali emphakathini, ukwakhiwa kwamabhange, amasheya, kanye nezimakethe ezahlukahlukene zezezimali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nguyena oqinisekisa ukukhula ↑ komnotho wombuso owodwa.

Isimo ezweni lanamuhla siyathuthuka ngendlela yokwakheka komnotho womhlaba. Kulokhu, indima eyinhloko inikezwa imali njengemali.

Imali isebenza njengesitolo senani, impahla esebenzayo. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi inani langempela lokonga lincike enanini lesikweletu.

Amandla okuthenga wezimali awashintshi kuphela uma engekho ukwehla kwamandla emali... Eqinisweni, umnotho onjalo awukho nhlobo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwethonya lokwehla kwamandla emali, imali ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okuthenga kancane kancane.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukonga imali akusho lutho. Kulesi simo, umsebenzi wenziwa hhayi owezwe, kepha wuhlobo lwemali lwangaphandle. Imali yalawo mazwe iyakhethwa, umnotho wawo uzinze kakhudlwana.

Umsebenzi 6. Imali njengesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwamazwe omhlaba

Ngokwesimo sokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezomnotho, imali kulo msebenzi yenza imisebenzi eminingi:

• ukuguqulwa kwemali;
• ukwakheka kwemali esele;
• ukwakheka kwezinga lokushintshisana.

Ukushintshaniswa kwemali phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene kuyasiza ukwakha ubudlelwane bezohwebo lwangaphandle, futhi izimali mboleko zomhlaba... Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo msebenzi ukuvumela ukuthi usize abalingani bangaphandle.

Ngokwesiko, imali yomhlaba ilinganiswa ngezimali ezigciniwe. Namuhla kunjaloIdola laseMelika ($), AmaJen yen (¥), futhi Euro (€).

Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka isivumelwano sobabili, ukukhokhelwa phakathi kwamazwe kungenziwa kwamanye amayunithi emali. Eqinisweni, noma iyiphi imali ingenza umsebenzi wokuhlaliswa kwamanye amazwe.

Ithebula: "Imisebenzi esemqoka yemali nezici zayo"

Umsebenzi	Incazelo	Izici Key
1. Isilinganiso senani	Ukunquma inani lemikhiqizo	Ngokomlando, lona bekungumsebenzi wokuqala
2. Intengo yokuthenga	Ikuvumela ukuthi uthenge konke okudingayo	Ukuqinisekisa inani elizinzile lezimpahla nezinsizakalo
3. Izindlela zokukhokha	Ikuvumela ukuthi ukhokhe izikweletu	Isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezikweletu
4. Ukusabalalisa	Ukudlulisa imali ngaphandle kokuthola imbuyiselo	Kusekelwa uxhaso lukahulumeni
5. Kusho ukonga nokonga	Ikuvumela ukuthi wonge	Inani lokonga linqunywa yisimo somnotho kazwelonke
6. Isilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwamazwe omhlaba	Ukugcina ukushintshana phakathi kwamazwe ahlukahlukene	Izinga lokushintshisana linqunywa isimo sangaphakathi somnotho wezwe

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Imali isebenza ngezibonelo zangempela

Izinhlobo zemali nezici zazo

4. Yiziphi izinhlobo zemali ezikhona - TOP-8 izinhlobo zemali 📌

Emphakathini wanamuhla, kwabiwa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zemali. Zonke zifaka ama-subspecies amaningi, achaza ukuhlukahluka kwamafomu awo.

Imali yehlukile impahlaesetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwabo, izindlela zokuphatha, izinketho zokubalwa kwezimali, kanye nokuguquka kusuka kolunye uhlobo kuya kolunye. Ngokomlando Izinhlobo ezi-8 zemali, sizozibheka ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.

Buka 1. Imali yezimpahla

Ezincwadini ungathola izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimali zempahla. Ngaphandle kwalokho bayabizwa yemvelo, kwangempela futhi isebenza... Kulokhu, izimpahla ezinenani elingaphakathi nokusetshenziswa kusebenza njengemali.

Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa imikhiqizo ebisetshenziselwa ukukala inani esikhathini sokuqala sokwakhiwa kokusakazwa kwempahla.

Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, zazisetshenziswa:

• ukolweni;
• usawoti;
• imfuyo;
• izinsimbi zemali egcwele isisindo esivela kuzinsimbi eziyigugu;
• uboya njalonjalo.

Buka 2. Imali evikelekile

Imali evikelekile esethulweni sabo, ungashintshana ngenani elithile lemikhiqizo noma izinsimbi eziyigugu. Eqinisweni, imali evikelekile imele imali yempahla.

Buka 3. Imali ye-Fiat

Imali ye-Fiat ayinanani elizimele, noma aliqhathaniswa nenani lobuso.

Izimali ezinjalo zenza imisebenzi yezimali zemali ngenxa yokuthi umbuso uzibophezela ukuzamukela njengezinkokhelo zeminikelo yentela bese uzilungisa njengezindlela zokukhokha ezisemthethweni endaweni yayo.

Manje ifomu eliyisisekelo ngu imali engamaphepha futhi imali engeyona imaliezibekwe kuma-akhawunti nezinhlangano zamabhange.

Uhlobo 4. Imali yesikweletu

Imali yesikweletu kunelungelo lokufuna esikhathini esizayo isikweletu esenziwe ngokusemthethweni. Ezimweni eziningi, zenziwa ngokudlulisa izibambiso, ezingasetshenziswa ukuthenga konke okudingayo, kanye nokukhokha izikweletu zakho. Imvamisa, kukhokhwa ngosuku oluthile.

View 5. Imali enhle

Imali enhle babe nenani lezimpahla ukuqinisekisa amandla abo okuthenga. Sisebenza njengenani elanele langaphakathi elinqunywa imigomo yokukhiqiza kabusha.

Imali enjalo ifaka amaqembu amabili:

1. impahla;
2. insimbi.

Buka 6. Imali engaphelele

Imali enamaphutha ayinanani lemakethe. Kunezinhlobo zazo ezahlukahlukene. Konke kuncike emthethweni olawula ukusakazwa kwemali engamaphepha.

• Kuvikelekile izimpahla noma izinsimbi zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe. Yize zingenalo inani elingaphakathi, zinakho omele... Kuqondwa njengesilinganiso senani lokuthenga elitholakala ngemali ephansi evikelekile lapho kushintshaniswa ngenani eligcwele.
• Imali engavikelekile awasekelwe kunoma yikuphi ukuphepha, ngakho-ke awunakushintshaniswa ngezinsimbi eziyigugu. Izimali ezinjalo zisebenza njengemali kuphela ngenxa yokuqashelwa kwazo jikelele kanye nokwethenjwa ezingxenyeni zezomnotho.
• Ishadi uhlobo oluhlukile lwemali enamaphutha, ejikeleza ngokuhambisana nemithetho, yamukelwa futhi yesekelwa umbuso.

Buka 7. Imali

ICash yimali ephethwe ngabantu ezandleni zabo. Ezezimali ezinjalo zibandakanya ukusebenzela ukuhweba okudayisa kanye nokukhokha komuntu nokuthengiselana. Ngamanye amazwi, ukheshi kukhona izinhlamvu zemali futhi imali engamaphephayadlula isuka kwesinye isandla.

Uhlobo 8. Imali engeyona imali

Inqwaba yezezimali, etholakala kuma-akhawunti ezinhlanganweni zebhange, isebenza njengemali engeyona imali. Ungase futhi uzwe ukuqokwa kwemali enjalo njenge idiphozi noma isikweletu.

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Namuhla zonke lezi zinhlobo zemali zihlala emphakathini ngasikhathi sinye. Zonke zibaluleke kakhulu emnothweni.

5. Yiziphi izinhlobo zemali ezikhona esikhathini sethu - isibonelo esihle 🔎

Nasi isithombe esibonakalayo sezinhlobo zemali emhlabeni wanamuhla:

Izinhlobo zemali ezikhona njengamanje

Ngamafuphi, esikhathini sethu kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemali: ukheshi futhi okungeyona imali.

✔ Imali - lokhu izinhlamvu zemali, imali yamaphepha, imali yesikweletu (izikweletu, imali engamaphepha, amasheke).

✔ Imali engeyona imali - Izimali ezikuma-akhawunti. Zihlukaniswe zaba amakhadi epulasitiki, amakhadi epulasitiki okukhokha futhi imali kagesi (yedijithali).

6. Izinhlobo ezithandwayo zemali 💎

Isimo semali yisimo sangaphandle sezinhlobo ezithile zezezimali. Zihluka ngokuyinhloko emisebenzini eziyenzayo. Ngezansi kunemininingwane izinhlobo zemali ezithandwa kakhulu.

1) Insimbi

Kusuka kunani elikhulu lemali ehlukahlukene yezimpahla, ngokuthuthukiswa komlando, lezo ezazenziwe ngezinsimbi eziyigugu zavela kancane kancane. Baba ifomu lendawo yonke.

Bona inzuzo kwaba ukuthi zihlukaniswe kalula zaba izingxenye eziningi futhi azizange ziwohloke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinsimbi ezinjalo zabiza kakhulu ngasikhathi sinye futhi zazisabalele emhlabeni wonke.

EkugcineniVii Ikhulu leminyaka BC ku ULidiya (izwe lase-Asia Minor) kwasungulwa izinhlamvu zemali. Kwakuyizingungu eziyindilinga zezinsimbi eziyigugu, ezazenziwe ngumbuso. Izinhlamvu zemali zathola ukuthandwa ngokushesha futhi zathatha indawo yokushintshana kwendawo yonke ngemiphakathi eminingi.

Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlamvu zemali zegolide nezesiliva zazinenani lazo, zazisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izifunda lapho kwethulwa khona ukusatshalaliswa kwemali yensimbi. Noma kunjalo, izwe ngalinye lalifuna ukwenza imali yalo. Le nqubo kwakuyisiqinisekiso sesimo esiphakeme nobukhosi bombuso.

Ekujuleni kwayo, imali yensimbi isho isebenza... Inani lazo elijwayelekile ngokuvamile lihambisana nenani lezinsimbi ezisetshenzisiwe ekukhiqizeni kwazo.

2) Iphepha

Ngokomlando, leli fomu lalethwa ukufaka esikhundleni sezinhlamvu zegolide ezisetshenzisiwe. Ekuqaleni, imali yamaphepha yakhiqizwa nguhulumeni ngokulingana nezinhlamvu zemali zegolide. Ukubangenisa empilweni yansuku zonke, umbuso uqinisekise ukushintshaniswa ngokufunwa kwemali yegolide.

Isici esiyinhloko saleli fomu: ukuntuleka kwenani elizimele. Ngasikhathi sinye, umbuso uyababeka inkambo eyimpoqo.

Imali enjalo inemisebenzi emi-2:

1. yenza njengendlela yokusakaza;
2. ziyindlela yokukhokha.

Imvamisa, umbuso, lapho ubhekene nokushoda kwezinsizakusebenza zezezimali, uthatha isinqumo sokwandisa ukukhishwa kwemali yamaphepha, ngaphandle kokubheka izinga lokuhanjiswa kwempahla.

Lapho kungekho ukushintshaniswa kwezinsimbi eziyigugu, imali yamaphepha ayifanele ukwenza umsebenzi wokuqongelela. Insalela yabo ayinakuhoxiswa ekusakazweni ngokwayo.

3) Isikweletu

Leli fomu livele ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwempahla, lapho ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwempahla kwaqala ukwenziwa ngemibandela yokukhokha ngezigaba. Ukusebenza kunqunywa ngomsebenzi lapho imali iba yindlela yokukhokha. Lapha badlala indima yesibopho, ukukhokhelwa kwaso kwenziwa ngesikhathi okuvunyelwene ngaso.

Isici sabo esihlukile: kukhishwe ekusakazweni ngokuya ngezidingo zangempela zenzuzo. Imalimboleko inikezwa ngokunikezwa kwesibambiso kumbolekisi. Izinhlobo ezithile zamasheya zingenza njengazo. Kulokhu, ukukhokhwa kwemali mboleko kwenziwa ngokunciphisa ibhalansi yamanani akhona.

Ekugcineni, inani lezimali zokukhokha ezinikezwa obolekayo lixhunyaniswe nesidingo senzuzo yezimali ezikhwameni.

Leli fomu futhi ayinayo izindleko zakho. Imali enjalo iyinkomba yayo engokomfanekiso, eboshwe kuzimpahla ezinikezwe njengokuvikela lapho wenza imalimboleko. Izinhlangano zebhange zivame ukukhipha imali yesikweletu lapho zisebenza.

4) Umthethosivivinywa wokushintshana

Umthethosivivinywa wokushintshana ngokomlando ube luhlobo lokuqala lwemali yesikweletu eyavela ngenxa yokuthengiselana kwezentengiselwano ngokwemibandela yokukhokha ngezigaba.

Umthethosivivinywa wokushintshana - lesi yisibopho esibhaliwe esingenamibandela somboleki sokubuyisa inani elithile lemali ngesikhathi esibekiwe endaweni ethile.

Izikweletu ziwuhlobo lwe-2:

• ithafa kukhishwe okweletayo;
• okusalungiswa noma isikweletu sokushintshana ekhishwe ngumbolekisi futhi yathunyelwa kumbolekisi ukuthi ayisayine ngokubuya okulandelayo kumbolekisi.

Namuhla kusetshenziswe futhi:

• umgcinimafa, ukukhululwa kwaso okwenziwa ngumbuso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokushoda kwesabelomali, kanye nokuqeda izikhala zemali;
• enobungane kukhishwe ngothile ngokuthanda omunye ngokubalwa kwabo kwemali enhlanganweni yasebhange;
• ithusiezingenakho ukumbozwa okungathengiseka.

Endabeni yokwamukelwa, okungukuthi, imvume evela enhlanganweni yasebhange, umthethosivivinywa uyabhekwa yamukelwa... Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqinisekiso sokukhokha kuyanda ↑.

Izici eziyinhloko zezikweletu zimi kanje:

1. ukuziphendulela, okungukuthi, uhlobo lomsebenzi alukhonjiswa kokuvikela okunjalo;
2. ukungabaza - kusho ukuthi ukukhokhwa kwesikweletu kuyimpoqo, futhi esimweni sokwenza isenzo sokubhikisha, izindlela zokuphoqelela zingasetshenziswa;
3. ukuguqulwa - umthethosivivinywa wokushintshisana ungadluliselwa komunye umuntu ngokufaka umbhalo wokudlulisa kuwo ohlangothini olubuyela emuva, lokhu kuvumela ukuthi isikweletu sokushintshanisa sisetshenziselwe ukwenza izibopho zokuqeda;

Futhi, isici somthethosivivinywa ukuthi singasetshenziswa kuphela ekuhwebeni okuphelele, lapho ibhalansi yezibopho ezihlangene ibuyiselwa ngokheshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani elilinganiselwe labantu libamba iqhaza ekusakazweni kwamanothi ezethembiso.

5) Imali engamaphepha

Ama-Banknotes amele imali yesikweletu, ukukhishwa kwayo kwenziwa yiCentral Bank yezwe. Ungagqamisa izici ezibahlukanisa nezikweletu. Zethulwe etafuleni.

Ithebula: "Izici eziqhathanisayo zamaphepha emali nezikweletu"

Izici zokuqhathanisa	Inothi lasebhange	Umthethosivivinywa wokushintshana
Ngubani okhiphayo	ibhange elikhulu	Usomabhizinisi ngamunye
Ukuphuthuma	Ukuzibophezela okungapheli	Kuyaphuthuma - ngokwesilinganiso isikhathi se- 3 ngaphambi 6 izinyanga
Iwaranti	Izwe	Ngamunye

Ekuqaleni, ama-banknotes ayephethe izibambiso ezi-2 ngasikhathi sinye:

• isiqinisekiso sokuhwebaNjengoba ukukhululwa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sezikweletu, kuhlobene kakhulu nokusakazwa kwempahla;
• isiqinisekiso segolide unikeze ukushintshaniswa kwegolide.

Ama-Banknotes angashintshaniswa ngensimbi abizwa zakudala... Isici sabo esehlukile yizinga elikhulile lokuqina nokuthembeka. Ukuqhathanisa imali engamaphepha yakudala nemali yamaphepha, izici zazo eziyinhloko zethulwe etafuleni elingezansi.

Ithebula: "Izici zokuqhathanisa zemali yamaphepha nemibhalo engamaphepha yakudala"

Isici	Imali yasebhange yakudala	Imali yamaphepha
Zivela kumuphi umsebenzi	Ithuluzi lokukhokha	Izindlela zokujikeleza
Indlela yokukhishwa	Ikhishwe yi-Central Bank	Ikhishwe nguMnyango Wezezimali
Ukubuyiselwa	Babuyela e-Central Bank lapho isikhathi senothi lesethembiso abasuselwe kulo liphela	Ungabuyi
Ukuhlukahluka	Lapho ibuyiselwa kwiCentral Bank, ishintsha ibe izinsimbi eziyigugu	Akushintsheki

Ezweni lesimanje, ama-banknotes aqala ukusakazwa ngamabhange akhipha imali kuhulumeni nakwabanye ababambe iqhaza ezimakethe, eguqula imali yakwamanye imali ibe yimali kazwelonke.

Namuhla akukho ukushintshaniswa kwemali engamaphepha ngezinsimbi eziyigugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuhlali kunikezwa nganoma yiziphi izimpahla.

Amabhange aphakathi kwamazwe ahlukahlukene akhipha ama-banknotnot ephethini nehlelo elisungulwe ngokomthetho. Bayimali kazwelonke esimweni esithile.

6) Idiphozithi

Imali yediphozithi - lokhu okufakiwe emabhange kuma-akhawunti avulelwe amakhasimende. Ukuvela kwemali enjalo kwenzeka lapho umnikazi wesikweletu eyethula ukuze ibalwe. Esikhundleni sokukhipha imali engamaphepha, inhlangano yezezimali ivula i-akhawunti, bese kukhokhwa ngayo ngokubadonsela imali.

Le ndlela yemali ingenza umsebenzi wokuqongelela ngokwanda kwenzalo, okwenziwa uma kwenzeka kudluliselwa okwesikhashana ebhange ukuze lisetshenziswe. Bangasebenza futhi isilinganiso senanikodwa ayinakuba yindlela yokusakazwa.

Njengomthethosivivinywa wokushintshana, imali yediphozithi inemvelo embaxambili. Bangongxowankulu bezezimali futhi ngasikhathi sinye basebenza njengendlela yokukhokha. Ukungqubuzana kwemali ebekiwe, obekubandakanya ukuphikisana nemisebenzi yokonga nokukhokha, kwaxazululwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwama-akhawunti asebhange zamanje futhi kuyaphuthuma.

7) Hlola

Hlola yidokhumende yezimali equkethe i-oda elivela kumnikazi we-akhawunti yasebhange ukuthi akhokhele umnikazi wale dokhumenti inani eliboniswe kulo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamasheke emnothweni wezezimali:

1. Okuzisholo zibhalelwe umuntu othile. Umnikazi wabo akanalungelo lokudlulisa isheke kunoma ngubani;
2. Ukuhlolwa kwe-oda inikezwe umuntu othile. Kodwa-ke, umnikazi wayo unelungelo lokudlulisela imibhalo komunye umuntu ngokusebenzisa ukuvumela;
3. Umphathi - ngesheke elinjalo, kuyakhokhwa kunoma imuphi umuntu oliletha ukuthi likhokhelwe;
4. Isheke lokukhokha isetshenziselwa kuphela ukukhokha okungakhokhi;
5. Amasheke amukelwe - ngokwalo mbhalo, ibhange linikeza ukwamukela, okungukuthi, imvume, yokukhokha ngenani elithile.

Ingqikithi enkulu yaleli fomu imi kanje: amasheke angaba ithuluzi lokuthola imali enhlanganweni yasebhange, indlela yokusabalalisa, esetshenziselwa ukwenza izinkokhelo ezingezona imali.

8) engenamali

Emazweni athuthukile, isabelo esikhulu sezimali ezisakazwayo sabelwa imali engeyona imali, okuyi:

• okufakiwe kuma-akhawunti avulwe ngeBhange Elikhulu kanye namagatsha alo;
• imali ebekwe emabhange ezentengiselwano.

Empeleni, abazenzi njengendlela yokukhokha. kodwa zingaguqulwa zibe ukheshi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, eziqinisekiswe yizikhungo zezikweletu.

Ngokwenzayo, leyo mali isetshenziswa ngokulingana nokheshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banezinombolo eziningi ze- izinzuzo ngaphambi kwamuva.

9) I-elekthronikhi

isiphetho XX Ikhulu leminyaka laphawulwa ngokushintshela ohlotsheni lwemali olushaqisayo, olubizwa ngogesi. Okudingeka kuqala kulokhu bekusetshenziswa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-Intanethi.

Imali ye-elekthronikhi Ingabe isitoreji sisefomethi ye-elekthronikhi yenani lemali ngamadivayisi wezobuchwepheshe asetshenziselwa ukwenza izinkokhelo. Amadivayisi anjalo awasho ukusebenza okuyimpoqo kokuthengiselana ngama-akhawunti asebhange futhi angasebenza njengethuluzi elithwala esikhokhelwa.

Imali okukhulunywa ngayo iyisibopho se-elekthronikhi. Zigcinwa endaweni ekhethekile ekufinyeleleni komsebenzisi.

Leli fomu lisuselwa ekusakazweni kwediphozithi. Kulokhu, ekuqaleni, umuntu ozokwenza inkokhelo wenza inani elithile lemali yesikweletu.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezi-2 zemali ye-elekthronikhi:

1. Fiat ivezwa ngohlobo lwemali lombuso, isebenza njengohlobo lwamayunithi emali wohlelo lwayo lokukhokha. Ezingeni lezomthetho, zonke izakhamizi ziphoqelekile ukuzemukela ukuze zikhokhelwe.
2. Okungewona amafutha isebenze njengeyunithi yezimali yezinhlelo zokukhokha ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni. Zonke izenzo nazo zenziwa ngokuya ngemithetho yezinhlelo zokukhokha ezibakhiphayo.

Imali ye-elekthronikhi isiyanda kakhulu. Imali namasheke kushintshwa amakhadi wesikweletu, okuyizindlela zokukhokha.

Izici ezifanele kakhulu zemali ukwamukeleka, ukuqina kwenani, umnotho, ubude besikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ukufana, ukwahlukana, ukuphatheka. Impahla eyinhloko yemali ukukhokhelwa ngokuphelele.

7. Izici eziyinhloko zemali 📊

Imali, naphezu kokwehlukahlukana kwayo, iyithuluzi elilodwa. Kungenxa yakhe ukuthi ukwenziwa kobudlelwano bezomnotho emhlabeni wanamuhla kwenziwa.

Kodwa-ke, ukuze babe ithuluzi langempela, izidingo ezithile zibekwa phambili ngemali, okunqunywa kakhulu yizinga lentuthuko. Lokhu yilokho okunquma ukuvela kwezezimali.

Imali ihlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi kuphela uma inezinto eziningana. Okuyinhloko kuxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.

Impahla 1. Ukwemukeleka

Lapho umphakathi usubonile isidingo semali, bekufanele uthathe isinqumo sokuthi yini engasetshenziswa njengayo. Ekuqaleni, lesi sinqumo silandela ekusebenzeni kwezezimali.Kancane kancane, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa izinto ezithile ukubala. Zibe inani elilinganayo, okungukuthi, zithathe umsebenzi wemali.

Emiphakathini ehlukene ngezigaba ezahlukene zentuthuko, abantu bakhethe izinto abazisebenzisayo. Konke kuncike endleleni yokuphila nokuthi yini abantu abayazisayo ngaleso sikhathi. Njengoba imali ibingasetshenziswa uboya, izinkomo, usawoti, izinsimbi eziyigugu, futhiizinto ezahlukahlukene ezinhle noma ezingavamile.

Ukwamukelwa yisimo esibalulekile sokusetshenziswa kwento ethile njengemali. Isinqumo somuntu oyedwa mayelana nokuthi yini ngempela ezosetshenziswa njengemali asisho lutho. Ukuze into igcwalise inhloso yayo, inani elikhulu labantu kuzodingeka likholwe ukuthi kungenzeka liyisebenzise esikhundleni semali.

Iningi lezimpahla ezisetshenziselwe ukukhokha belinakho inani elingaphakathi... Kwakunqunywa ukuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziselwe ezinye izinjongo noma ukufunwa kwezinto ezinjalo ngenxa yokutholakala kwazo.

Lapho kuvela umbono wokusebenzisa imali emphakathini, abantu bakulungele ukusebenzisa izinto abanazo kuphela inani lokushintshanisa... Lesi sakamuva sinqunywa ukuzethemba ukuthi ngokuzayo le nto izosetshenziselwa ukubala ngumphakathi wonke.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho nasezikhathini zanamuhla, lapho ukulingana komnotho kuphazamiseka noma kunezithiyo ekusebenzeni kwawo, izimpahla ezibalulekile zingasebenza njengemali. Ngokwesibonelo, eYurophu, ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, abantu bayeka ukukholelwa emalini yamaphepha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwafakwa ezinye osikilidi, amasokisi, futhi ushokoledi.

Impahla 2. Ukuzinza kwezindleko

Ukuqina kwenani impahla eyinhloko eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi into isebenze njengethuluzi lemali. Impahla okukhulunywa ngayo iyisici esibalulekile sokwamukeleka.

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemali olwehlayo alukwazi ukwenza kahle imisebenzi yezindlela zokukhokha nokuqongelela. Esimweni esinjalo, iningi labantu lizoyeka ukonga njengoba amandla okuthenga emali ezokwehla. Abantu bazobheka izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokutshala imali yabo.

Ukuzinza kwemali, okunenani lokushintshisana kuphela, kunqunywa ukuzethemba komphakathi emandleni okuthenga angashintshi. Uma ukwethembana okunjalo kwephulwa, ukuzinza kwemali kungalahleka ngenxa yesenzo ukwehla kwamandla emali.

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Ngendlela, sincoma ukuthi ubuke ividiyo emayelana nokwehla kwamandla emali - kuyini, ukuthi kwenzekani, yiziphi izimbangela nemiphumela yokwehla kwamandla emali:

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Imali enenani elingaphakathi zivikelekile emiphumeleni yokwehla kwamandla emali. Kepha zingathinteka kabi ngoshintsho ekunikezelweni nasekufunweni komkhiqizo oyimbangela. Uma inani lincipha ↓, kuzoba nokwehla ↓ namandla okuthenga weyunithi yemali.

Izenzo zabakhohlisi nazo zinomthelela enanini lemali. Lapho kungenzeka ukukhiqiza imali mbumbuluezingenakuhlukaniswa nakwezangempela, zizosetshenziswa ekusakazweni njengeziyiqiniso. Uma, ngasikhathi sinye, inani lemali-mbumbulu likhula kakhulu ↑, ukunikezwa kwemali okusakazwayo kuzokhuphuka. Lokhu ekugcineni kuzoholela ku nciphisa ↓ inani lemali.

Kancane kancane, ngokukhula kwesidingo sokuqongelela, kanye nenqubekela phambili yobudlelwano bokukhokha, umphakathi kwakudingeka uyeke ukusetshenziswa kwalezo zinhlobo zemali, inani lazo elalingazinzile. Ngenxa yalokho, igolide kuphela, inani lalo elingashintshiwe, elaqala ukubonwa njengemali. Amazwe abesebenzisa imali yegolide akwazile ukuthola inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo ngekhulu le-19.

Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo komnotho nokwakhiwa kwemakethe yomhlaba, uzinzo olutholakalayo lwezinsimbi eziyigugu alwanele ukunikeza impahla okukhulunywa ngayo. Ukunikezwa nokufunwa kwensimbi eyigugu kwakulokhu kugeleza njalo, okwakubonakala kunani lemali esezingeni eliphakeme.

Ngenxa yalokhu okufuneka kuqala, inguquko ekusetshenzisweni kwe- imali yesikweletu engasebenzi... Imizamo ethile isiza uHulumeni nezinhlangano zomhlaba ukuthi zigcine ukuzinza kwenani lazo ngenani elidingekayo.

Indlela ebalulekile eyenzelwe ukuxazulula inkinga enjalo inqubomgomo yemali-mboleko... Kusetshenziswa yiCentral Bank yezwe eyakhipha imali. Kuvela ukuthi namhlanje emphakathini omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yombuso ukugcina ukuzinza kwenani lemali ezingeni elidingekayo.

Impahla 3. Umnotho

Ukusebenza kahle kusiza ukunciphisa ↓ izindleko ezihambisana njalo nokukhiqizwa kwemali, futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uqinisekise inzuzo yemali.

Esikhathini lapho imali ibigcwele khona Isixazululo salezi zinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu besinzima, ngoba ukwanda okuphezulu kokusebenza kahle kunemikhawulo. Izindleko zokwenza imali zazincike enanini lentengo yento esetshenziselwe ukwenza imali. Ekugcineni lokhu kuholele ekwenziweni kwamademoni egolide nasekudalweni imali engaphelele.

Kodwa-ke, ngisho namanje inkinga yezomnotho yemali ayikalahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwayo. Ukwenza imali yesimanjemanje kuyabiza kunoma yisiphi isimo. Lokhu kuholela ku- Kancane kancane, imali esakazwayo isuswa kwenye indawo futhi esikhundleni sayo kufakwe imali yediphozi, okungukuthi, engeyona imali.

Kepha ukuze uqinisekise inzuzo ngenani elanele lemali enjalo, kufanele futhi uthwale izindleko eziningana. Izindleko ezidingekayo ze- ukugcinwa kwe-akhawunti, ukwenza izinkokhelo, inhlangano yezindawo zokuhlala phakathi kwamabhange nezinye izindaba zenhlangano. Ukunciphisa izindleko ezinjalo, ukuhamba kwezimali okungezona ezezimali kwaqala ukukhiqizwa ngobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi.

Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwemali yediphozithi bukhula njalo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, alikho nelilodwa izwe emhlabeni namuhla elikwazi ukushiya ngokuphelele imali.

Impahla 4. Kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside

Indlela eyinhloko yokufeza umnotho wemali yikhono lokuyisebenzisa isikhathi eside. Lesi yisakhiwo semali esilandelayo. Kwakujwayelekile ngemali esezingeni eliphakeme futhi manje sekufanele kutholakale imali. Akunangqondo ukuxoxa faka imali ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo, ngoba akukho okugqokiwe kuzo.

Ukuze kusetshenziswe imali isikhathi eside, kusetshenziswa iphepha elisindayo ekwenziweni kwalo, okungazweli ekudabukeni. Imali encane ingenziwa ngempumelelo ngesimo semali yensimbi.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwempahla ebhekiwe, kubaluleke kakhulu imali yamaphepha eyi gqoka ukumelanaokuthatha:

• ukumelana okuphezulu kukinking. Iphepha lemali kufanele limelane nokuphindeka kabili okuphindwe kabili kunephepha elijwayelekile.
• ukumelana nezinyembezi nezinyembezi ezinqenqemeni futhi kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yemali.
• iphepha elikhethekile lekhwalithi. Kufanele ibe mhlophe, i-opaque, ibushelelezi, akufanele ishintshe ngaphansi kwethonya lelanga nokukhanya, upende kufanele unamathele ngokuqinile emalini futhi ungagugi.

Izinga elihamba phambili lalezi zinkomba linikezwa iphepha lelineni nokotini.

Impahla 5. Ukufana

Ukufana - imfuneko esebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemali, kodwa hhayi zonke eziyinikezayo. Izinkinga ezinkulu ngokufana zabonwa lapho kusetshenziswa izinto ezahlukahlukene njengemali, njengoba iyunithi ngalinye lalinezici ezihlukile.

Lokhu kuswelakala kwemali yezimpahla kwehla kancane lapho kuguqulwa imali yegolide. Izinhlamvu zemali ezinjalo kuvele ukuthi ziyafana futhi ziyashintshana. Inani elifanayo lezinhlamvu zemali lalinenani elilinganayo.

Umgomo wokufana kwezinhlamvu zegolide ungaphulwa ezimweni eziningana:

• uma ngasikhathi sinye kwasetshenziswa izinhlamvu zesiliva ekusakazeni;
• ngenxa yamazinga ahlukahlukene okuguga nokudabukisa kwezinhlamvu zemali zegolide;
• lapho, ekwakhiweni kwawo, ingxenye ethile yemali yegolide yayisebenzisa izixhumi ezahlukahlukene zezinsimbi.

Lapho kusetshenziswa amayunithi emali wezimfanelo ezahlukahlukene ekusakazweni, bonke abantu balwela ukugcina ezinye ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Ngokunjalo, abathengisi bezimpahla bazozama ukwamukela kuphela amayunithi emali esezingeni eliphakeme ukuthi akhokhelwe. Kuhlala kunokwehluka okuningana kunani elingaphakathi lemali elingafani.

Ukushintshela emalini ephansi kwasiza ukuxazulula inkinga ye-heterogeneity. Kodwa-ke, lo mbuzo awukwazanga ukuxazululwa ngokuphelele, noma uma uthi shazi ubukeka ufana.

Uma sekuhlolisiswa, kuyacaca ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zemali engaphelele zingase zihluke kakhulu ngenxa yezinga elihlukile lokuthembela kubanikezeli babo.

Ngamanye amazwi, emalini enjalo, i-heterogeneity ingazibonakalisa ngomehluko ezingeni lokuthembeka.

Ukuthembeka faka imali futhi ngeke kufane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isikhungo ngasinye sezikweletu sinezinga laso lokwehluleka kwemali nokuzinza. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kukhonjiswa kakhulu emhlabeni ngezikhathi zezinkinga zomnotho.

Impahla 6. Ukuhlukeka

Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa... Akunakwenzeka ukufeza ukuthengwa kwempahla encane usebenzisa imali enkulu engahlukaniseki.

Lapho izinto ezahlukahlukene zisebenza njengemali, eyayinenani elingaphakathi, kube nenkinga enkulu ephathelene nokulahlekelwa kwenani ngenkathi kuhlukaniswa. Izindleko zengxenye ngayinye kuvele ukuthi beziphansi ↓ kunalezo ebezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imikhiqizo (isib izinkomo eziphilayo) azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa zibe izingxenye.

Ukwenza izinkokhelo ngokushesha ngaphandle kwezindleko ezingeziwe, imali kufanele yehlukaniswe kalula ibe izingxenye eziningi. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba lula ukufaka noma yiliphi inani njengenkokhelo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uthole imali eningi ngendlela yokushintsha.

Ukuqinisekisa ukwahlukana, umbuso ukhipha imali yamahlelo ahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyunithi yemali yehlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana ezilinganayo, ezimweni eziningi zibe 100... Izinhlamvu zemali zamahlelo ahlukahlukene zenziwa kusetshenziswa lesi silinganiso.

Impahla 7. Ukuphatheka

Zibaluleke kakhulu emalini. ukuphatheka... Kubalulekile ukuthi zikulungele ukuphatha nokusebenzisa empilweni yansuku zonke. Izinhlobo zokuqala zemali zazibonakala ngokungatholakali kalula, kepha ekuqhubekeni nokwenza ngcono, indlela ngayinye eyalandela yemali yaba lula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.

Imali yesimanjemanje engamaphepha nezimali zemali ibonakala ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphatheka. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yokwenza ngcono ayigcinanga lapho futhi. Ukuqaliswa amakhadi epulasitiki kuvunyelwe ukufaka cishe noma yiliphi inani lemali ngenani elincane impela.

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Ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka kuzakhiwo ezethulwe ngenhla, imali ingenza imisebenzi yayo ngempumelelo kakhulu.

8. FAQ - Imibuzo Ebuzwa Njalo 💬

Ngaphandle kokubonakala kulula kwesihloko semali, kunenqwaba yemibuzo ephakamayo ekutadisheni okuningiliziwe. Ukuze ungadingi ukuchitha isikhathi usesha, ngokwesiko siphendula okuthandwa kakhulu kubo.

Umbuzo 1. Imali yephepha yokuqala yavela nini futhi kanjani eRussia?

ERussia, imali yamaphepha yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokubusa UCatherine II, noma kunalokho ku 1769 unyaka. Kodwa-ke, zazingafani neze zanamuhla. Ingqikithi yayo, imali yamaphepha yaleso sikhathi imele izibopho ezikhethekile zebhange, ezazenziwe ngokusemthethweni njenge- irisidi, eqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthola izinhlamvu zemali.

Okokusebenza kwemali enjalo kwenziwa UKrasnoe Selo ephepheni elenziwa ngomkhiqizo. Kamuva ukukhiqizwa kuthuthelwe ku UTsarskoe Selo... Iphepha lokwenza imali lalivele likhona ngaleso sikhathi amamaki amanzi... Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, babenanyathiselwe nesiginesha yokugcina yezikhulu. Imali yaphrintwa ngo Indlu Yokuphrinta YeSenethi.

Ngokomlando, imali yokuqala yamaphepha ezweni lethu yayibizwa imali engamaphepha... Babenenani lobuso 25, 50, 75 no-100 ama-ruble.

Izimfuneko ezibaluleke kakhulu ekubukekeni kwazo kwaba ukuntuleka kwezimayini zesiliva, ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza imali. Ngaleso sikhathi, uphiko lwemali oluyisisekelo eRussia lwalungu isiliva ruble... Izindleko zayo zazilingana nenani lensimbi eyigugu esetshenzisiwe.

Kushicilelwe 29 Disemba 1976 konyaka Isimemezelo sathi isizathu esinqumayo sokushintshela ekusetshenzisweni kwemali engamaphepha yisidingo sokushintshanisa izinhlamvu zemali zethusi ngemali ezoba mnandi ngangokunokwenzeka ngezinto zokuhamba.

Imali ebikhishwa ngaleso sikhathi ibingeyizinga elifanele. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi kwakusetshenziswa iphepha elisezingeni eliphansi ekwenziweni kwabo. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhonjiswe emalini ngumbhalo nezinombolo. Njengoba isithombe semali yokuqala sasilula kakhulu, bacishe baqala ukukhiqizwa ngokushesha. Le nkinga yaba nzima kakhulu phakathi nempi noNapoleon. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakuprintwa imali engamaphepha yaseRussia emshinini owawungeniswa uvela eFrance.

Ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu ↓ kunani lemali engamaphepha esetshenzisiwe, kuthathwe isinqumo sokwethula amanye ama-banknotes amasha.

Kusukela 1818 by 1819 bakhishwa ama-banknotes amasha, inani lobuso ebelili- 5, 10, 25, 50 no-100 ama-ruble... Le mali ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwama-watermark anezithombe zemidwebo nemidwebo yabaculi baseRussia. Ngakho-ke, kwakunzima kakhulu ukuwakha.

Ukukhulisa izinga lokuvikelwa kwamaphepha emali, abaculi abanesiphiwo babebandakanyeka enqubweni yokukhiqiza, kwasetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bamuva kanye nemishini ekhethekile. Imali enjalo yahlala isakazwa kwaze kwaba 1843 konyaka.

Umbuzo 2. Kungani abantu bedinga imali?

Abantu bayazisa kakhulu imali, bavame ukukhuluma ngayo, baphuphe ngokuba nayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Imali ayiniki abantu kuphela amathuba aqondile, kepha futhi inezincazelo ezengeziwe zokuphila, ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo.

Indima yemali empilweni yombuso kanye nomuntu

Kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani abantu abaningi belwela ukuceba:

1. Ukuphepha nokulawulwa kwesimo. Umuntu nakanjani ukhathazekile ngokuthi yini angayinika izingane zakhe, ukuthi uzobasiza kanjani abazali bakhe, nokuthi uzobhekana kanjani nokugula kwakhe. Esimweni esinjalo, ukuba nemali kusiza ukufezekisa ukuthula kwengqondo nokuzethemba esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kudala umuzwa wokungavikeleki okuyisisekelo kuphela, kodwa kanye nokukwazi ukulawula isimo. Uma unemali, izinkinga ezivelayo kulula ukuzixazulula.
2. Thola inkululeko nokuzimela. Lapho umuntu ephupha ngemali enkulu, uvame ukucabanga ngenkululeko nokuzimela. Lapho kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa amathuba angatholakala ngesifiso sokulahla umthwalo wemfanelo. Imvamisa iphupho lemali lifihla ukwesaba nesifiso sokubalekela izinkinga.
3. Ukuqinisekiswa kokuzihlonipha. Ukuba nemali kukwenza uzizwe ubalulekile. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi labo abahola kakhulu bangcono kunalabo abangaphumeleli. Ngomzamo wokuthola okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka, bazama ukuzinikeza ukubaluleka emehlweni abo. kodwa cishe njalo kunomuntu onemali ethe xaxa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ekuhluphekeni okungapheli nemizamo yokuthola imali ethe xaxa, abantu bahlala bengajabule. Funda ngokuthi ungayenza kanjani imali ngokushesha nangokuningi kushicilelo olukhethekile.
4. Isifiso sokuzuza ukuqashelwa nokuhlonishwa. Akuvamile ukuthi abantu basebenzise imali enkulu kakhulu kwizipho nasezinikeleni, bejabulisa nabanye abantu. Ngenkathi bakhohlwa ngezidingo zabo, bafuna ukukhombisa ukuthi balunge kangakanani. Abanye badinga imali njengendlela yokuqhubekisela phambili igama labo emlandweni. Abanye bafuna ukwenza ukutholakala kwesayensi, abanye ukushicilela incwadi - konke lokhu kudinga utshalomali.
5. Ukulwela amandla. Imali enkulu ingaba uphawu lokuba namandla onke. Uma zitholakala, kungenzeka ukuphatha yonke into. Abanye abantu banesiqiniseko sokuthi bangakwazi ukushintshanisa isikhathi ngemali, futhi ngokufanayo.Bachitha sonke isikhathi sabo emsebenzini ekuqaleni, bezama ukuthola imali engenayo ephezulu ngethemba lokuthi uma benemali eyanele, bangathola ukuphumula okuhle. Eqinisweni, ezimweni eziningi, isifiso esinjalo asifaneleki. Noma kungenzeki ukuthola imali edingekayo, noma uma ikhona, sonke isifiso sokuyisebenzisa siyanyamalala. Noma ngubani kufanele afunde ukujabulela impilo lapha namanje.

Umbuzo 3. Imali iphrintwa kanjani futhi kuphi eRussia, ubani okwenzayo?

Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha elikhethekile lemali kwenziwa e 2-s izimboni ezingamagatsha "Gosznak"... Zitholakala ku- ISt. Petersburg futhi Krasnokamsk... Ukuguqulwa kweFederal State Unitary Enterprise kusanda kwenziwa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kuyaqhubeka nokuba ngaphansi ngokuphelele kokulawulwa nguhulumeni.

Ngenkathi yokunyathelisa ama-banknotes, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ukuwavikela ekukopisheni. Ukukhiqiza kufaka izinqubo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezibandakanya inani elikhulu lamabhizinisi.

Isisekelo senziwa emafektri eKrasnokamsk naseSt.Petersburg, kufaka phakathi:

1. ama-reagents;
2. imicu yendwangu;
3. amamaki amanzi;
4. imicu ye-polymer.

Izinto ezinjalo ziyamelana nomswakama nemisebe ye-ultraviolet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivikelwe ngokucophelela kumgunyathi.

Isixazululo esikhethekile sibuye sengezwe kokuqukethwe. Uma libhekwa ngeso lenyama, iphepha linalo umbala onsomi... Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuyabonakala okubomvu futhi luhlaza okotshani imibala emicu.

Ama-rolls esisekelo aqediwe athunyelwa ezitshalweni zokukhiqiza "Gosznak"... Ama-Banknotes aphrintiwe emshinini okhethekile ohlanganisiwe.

Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo eziningi zokuphrinta:

• isethi - ukumboza ama-banknotes ngefilimu, okuwavikela kumswakama;
• phezulu - yenzelwe uchungechunge lwe-embossing nezinombolo;
• I-Orlovskaya ukuchitheka kwento yokufaka imibala ezakhiweni ngokufaka umbala kancane kancane kwesisekelo, ngenxa yalokho okuvela kokushintshwa okubushelelezi kwemithunzi;
• nhlonipho kudingekile ukudweba iphethini enembile.

ERussia kuprintwa imali engamaphepha 3-s amafektri amakhulu. Eyodwa in Imvumenababili ku EMoscow... Bangamagatsha e-Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Gosznak", atholakala eMoscow. Ngaphambi kokuthi amafektri aqale ukunyathelisa izikweletu, inani elikhulu labasebenzi lisebenza ekwakhiweni:

• abathwebuli bezithombe;
• abaculi;
• abaklami;
• abaqophi;
• ababulali;
• izitembu.

Uhlobo lwephrojekthi olwenziwe luvunyiwe yikhomishini. Kungemva kwalokho kuphela lapho isampula yemali eyimali idluliselwa ekuphrintweni okukhulu.

Phambilini esihlokweni kukhulunywe ngakho ku- EPerm kukhona imboni yokuphrinta, engenye yamabhizinisi lapho kunyatheliswa khona imali engamaphepha. Amasiko ale ndawo yokukhiqiza ahlonishwa kakhulu ngongoti abaluleke kakhulu embonini.

Ifektri iqasha ochwepheshe bangempela abakhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ngezinga eliphezulu lokuvikelwa. Ayikhiqizi kuphela ama-banknotes, kodwa futhi nama-passport omphakathi, izincwadi zokungena namanye amadokhumende anezimpawu zokuphepha.

IPerm neMoscow ngamadolobha amabili lapho kunyatheliswa khona imali engamaphepha yaseRussia. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izinto ezikhiqizwa eSt. Petersburg naseKrasnokamsk.

Izindawo ezimboni zinje:

1. EMoscow, uDanilovsky Val, 1g;
2. I-Perm, umgwaqo omkhulu waseCosmonauts, 115g.

Ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu basebenza kula mafektri. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, ama-banknotes asezingeni eliphakeme.

Izinqubo eziningi zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa ↑ izinga lokuvikelwa kumgunyathi:

• ukusebenzisa ama-watermark nemicu yokuphepha kokuqukethwe;
• ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene ekuphrinteni imali engamaphepha;
• yonke imali engamaphepha ibaliwe;
• ngosizo lwe-laser, izimbobo ezikhethekile ngendlela yehlelo zishisiwe.

Kodwa-ke, ezweni lethu kukhona futhi imali yensimbi... Zenziwe emaminithini akhethekile atholakala ku- EMoscow futhi ISt. Petersburg... Esinye sezikhungo ezindala kakhulu zokukhiqiza izinhlamvu zemali sisedolobheni eNeva.

Amabhizinisi wokukhiqiza asebenza ngamandla avumela inzuzo yenombolo edingekayo yamanothi. Lokhu kubheka izizathu ezahlukahlukene zokuhoxiswa kwemali engamaphepha ekusakazweni (kucinywe izikweletu ezindala, ukulahleka). Njalo ngonyaka kukhiqizwa 5 zemali eyizigidigidi, 7 imali eyizigidigidi futhi 11 izinkulungwane zamathani ezinto zokuphrinta kwabo.

Kunokuthi ngenhla ↑ ihlelo lemali engamaphepha, ngakho izinga lokuvikela eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe isetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni kwayo.

Kodwa-ke, lapho uphrinta imali engamaphepha, kubalulekile ukucabangela ibhalansi yezezimali... Ngaphandle kokuthi umkhiqizo ungasebenza ubusuku nemini, isinqumo ngenani lamaphepha emali adingekayo siyenziwa ICentral Bank yaseRussia... Okokuqala, ongoti bezezimali benza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, bahlaziya isimo sezomnotho futhi babheke ukuthobela imithetho yezwe.

Uma kunesidingo semali, isicelo sithunyelwa ePerm ngokukhiqizwa kwemali engamaphepha kanye naseSt. Uma ungacabangi ukubalwa kwezomnotho, inani elingaphezulu kwemali ngokungenakugwenywa lizoholela ekwenyukeni kwezinga lokwehla kwamandla emali.

Imali eningi esakazwayo ifaka ukwehla kwemali. Ngamanye amazwi, inani labo langempela liba ngaphansi kancane ↓ kokuphakanyiswayo. Isimo esinjalo emnothweni siyingozi impela futhi singadala inkinga. Ngakho-ke, ongoti bahlala bakha izinqubo ezisebenzayo ezizosiza ukugcina ukuzinza kwesimo sezezimali.

Imboni yaseMoscow, lapho kunyatheliswa khona imali engamaphepha, yibhizinisi eliphephile futhi liyimpahla kahulumeni ebaluleke ngokwamasu. UMqondisi Jikelele we "Gosznak" namuhla UTrachuk Arkady Vladimirovich.

Umbuzo 4. Yimiphi imibono yezimali ekhona?

Ngokomlando Imibono eyisi-8 yemali... Lokhu kuxoxwa ngakho ngezansi.

1) Umbono we-Metallic wemali (kusukela ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwele-17)

Lo mbono uthi: amandla okuthenga anqunywa ukwakheka kwemali, ngamanye amagama, insimbi eyigugu esetshenzisiwe lapho isenziwa. Ngalesi sizathu, le mbono ayiwamukeli ama-banknotes.

Okubaluleke kakhulu izinhlamvu zemali ezenziwe ngezinsimbi ezihloniphekile. Banenani eliphakeme kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zemvelo ezinganciki ekuthuthukisweni kobudlelwano bokushintshana.

2) Okuzisholo (kusukela ngekhulu le-17 kuya kwele-18)

Abamele bokuqala benkolelo ebhekwayo kwakunguBrithaniJ. BerkeleyfuthiUJ. Qala... Abaxhasi balo mbono baqinisekile: amandla okuthenga ancike kuphela kunani lobuso bemali. Imele inani eliboniswe ebhange.

📎 Ngamanye amazwi, Izimali zemali zivamile kuphela, okuwukuthi, izimpawu ezizimele. Inani lawo alinqunywa ngokuqukethwe okubalulekile.

Umbono wawususelwa kuzitatimende:

1. imali ikhiqizwa nguhulumeni;
2. izindleko zihambisana nenani lobuso.

Iphutha elibaluleke kakhulu kuleli cala isitatimende: inani lemali linqunywa umbuso. Ukuzethemba okunjalo kuyabuphika ubungako bemali yezimpahla, kanye nombono wenani labasebenzi.

Ukuthuthuka okwalandela kwehle esikhathini kusukela ekugcineni XIX ngaphambi kokuqala XX ikhulu leminyaka. Ummeleli odume kakhulu womqondo wale nkathi ngu G. Knapp... Wayekholelwa ukuthi imali inakho amandla okuthenga... Le mpahla inikezwa nguhulumeni.

Ukuvela kombono ngalesi sikhathi kunjengokulandelayo: I-Knapp itshale imali yayo hhayi imali egcwele, kepha imali yamaphepha. Kepha lapho ehlaziya ukunikezwa kwemali, wabheka kuphela amanothi omgcinimafa wombuso kanye nezingxoxo zokuxoxisana. UKnapp ukhiphe ngokuphelele imali yesikweletu emcabangweni wakhe. Ekugcineni, njengoba lolu hlobo lwemali lwathuthuka, umqondo waba akubekezeleleki.

Ukuqokwa kwamagama kwakubaluleke kakhulu kunqubomgomo yezomnotho yaseJalimane. Ukukhishwa kwakusetshenziswa kabanzi lapha, ikakhulukazi ngenhloso yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ekugcineni i-hyperinflation kuleli zwe, elizibonakalise ku 1920iminyaka, kwaholela ekupheleni kokubusa kokuphakanyiswa kwamagama.

Namuhla, izazi zezomnotho azivumelani nezitatimende zemfundiso kaKnapp. Baqhubeka nokuphika inani labasebenzi, baqala ukufuna izindlela zokubala inani lemali, hhayi emithethweni yombuso, kepha emkhakheni wobudlelwano bemakethe.

3) Ubuningi (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18)

Lo mbono uthi amandla okuthenga kanye namanani entengo kunqunywa ukuthi ingakanani imali esakazwayo... Kancane kancane, lo mbono washintsha, wabeka isisekelo sokwenza imali kwezomnotho wanamuhla.

4) Ukwenza imali

Ngokwalo mbono, ukunikezwa kwemali okusakazwayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni uzinzo, kanye nasekuguqukeni komnotho wezimakethe.

Umsunguli wombono kwakungu M. Friedmanngubani owadala ku- 50iminyaka XX ikhulu leminyaka. Inani eliphakeme lokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokwenza imali kwakuwumqondo wethiyori wokufeza ukuzinza komnotho waseMelika, owaziwa ngokuthi "Ama-Reaganomics"... Kusizile ukunciphisa ukwehla kwamandla emali ↓ eMelika futhi kwaqinisa nedola.

5) I-Keynesianism

I-Keynesianism ihlola okushiwo yimali ngokombono womthelela wayo ekukhiqizeni. Umsunguli wombono Ama-Keynes - Isazi sezomnotho saseNgilandi. Kwaqala ekugcineni 1920-x - ukuqala 1930-s. Ijubane lokujikeleza lihlaziywa njengokuguquguqukayo okuguqukayo ngokuya ngamapharamitha ahlukahlukene omnotho.

6) Kuyasebenza

Umbono osebenzayo ihlaziya amandla okuthenga njengomphumela wokusebenza kwemali, okungukuthi, ukusakazwa kwawo. Lo mbono usiza ukufakazela iqiniso lokuthi okuqukethwe yinsimbi yemali akulutho maqondana nokusebenza kwabo njengendlela yokushintshanisa.

7) Izwe

Lo mbono usekelwe esitatimendeni esithi umbuso awubandakanyi nje kuphela ekudaleni imali, kodwa futhi nasekuwunikeni amandla okukhokha.Umbono ubheka kuphela isimo sezimali esisemthethweni, uphika noma yikuphi ukubaluleka kokuxazululwa kokuqukethwe kwensimbi.

Abaxhasi balo mbono bayaqiniseka ukuthi imali yamaphepha ayimbi kakhulu kunemali yensimbi. Kulokhu, okubaluleke kakhulu ngokombono wombono ocatshangelwayo kungumsebenzi wemali njengendlela yokukhokha. Imisebenzi njengesilinganiso senani, ukunqwabelana, nemali yomhlaba ayicatshangelwa.

8) Imininingwane

Lapha imali yethulwa njengohlobo lolwazi mayelana nenani elihlotshaniswa nezinhlobo ezithile zemidiya, okuyiphepha, kanye nezindlela zikagesi.

Ngokuya ngalo mbono, abaphathi bemali ababaluleke kakhulu kwakungu:

• esikhathini sezolimo sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi - izinsimbi eziyigugu;
• kwezimboni - iphepha elishisayo;
• esikhathini semininingwane yesimanje - imidiya kagesi.

Ngasikhathi sinye, umsebenzi wezomnotho uthathwa njengowolwazi.

Umbuzo 5. Iyini imali ebonakalayo iBitcoin (Bitcoin)?

I-Bitcoin yaba ngokomlando i-cryptocurrency yokuqala. Lolu hlobo lwemali lwakhiwe ngo- 2009 unyaka USatoshi Nakamoto... Akekho owaziyo ukuthi ngubani lo - umqambi ngamunye noma neqembu labo. KwakunguSatoshi Nakamoto owavela hhayi ngegama elithi Bitcoin kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-algorithm yonke yale cryptocurrency. Sivele sikhulume ngokuthi iyiphi i-cryptocurrency ngamagama alula kwenye yama-athikili ethu.

Sikweluleka futhi ukuthi ubuke ividiyo - "Iyini i-Bitcoin futhi yenzelwe ini":

Eqinisweni, abantu baphoqeleka ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwemali ezimpilweni zabo. Abakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwawo. Ngokuphikisana nale ndlela, akekho owaphoqa noma ngubani ukuthi akhokhe ngama-bitcoins. Ama-cryptocurrensets abe yindlela yokuzikhethela yamahhala yabantu abakhululekile.

Wonke amalungu enethiwekhi anelungelo lokwenza ukuthengiselana okusheshayo. Kulokhu, asikho isidingo sokufuna usizo kubalamuli. Ngamanye amazwi, Izimali zidluliswa phakathi kozakwethu bokuthengiselana ngqo.

Imali ohlelweni lweBitcoin lwakhiwe ngokukhethekile amakhodi we-cryptographic... Ngaphezu kwalokho, ahluke ngokuphelele. I-algorithm yenethiwekhi ye-bitcoin isuselwa kubuchwepheshe be-blockchain.

Njenganoma iyiphi enye imali, iBitcoin inayo Yebo... Ungathola inani layo lamanje ku-blockchain.com.

Ama-Bitcoins amasha ayenziwa kwinqubo izimayini, ebizwa nangokuthi izimayini ze-cryptocurrency. Ingqikithi yale nqubo ukuxazulula inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi ye-crypto kusetshenziswa indlela ye-brute force.

Ikhompyutha ejwayelekile ayifanele ukumba izimayini. Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa amaseva noma enye imishini enamandla amakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi inethiwekhi yeBitcoin ikhula ngesivinini esikhulu, ezokumbiwa phansi seziyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi cishe engenakwenzeka kubantu namuhla.

Noma kunjalo, kunezinye izindlela zokuthola i-Bitcoin yokusetshenziswa:

• ekukhokheleni izimpahla ezithengisiwe nezinsizakalo ezinikeziwe;
• ukuthengwa kwemali yedijithali ekushintshaneni;
• ukushintshana phakathi kwabantu.

Okubi kakhulu (-) IBitcoin ibizwa ngokuthi yithonya elinamandla ezindabeni zayo ezahlukahlukene. Iningi lokukhuphuka okukhulu nokwehla kwenani le-idijithali yemali kwenzeke ngaphansi kwethonya lezitatimende ezenziwa ohulumeni bamazwe ahlukene.

Izinga eliphakeme lokuguquguquka kungaba kubi kakhulu esikhathini esifushane. Kungakapheli inyanga eyodwa, imali ingakwazi ukuwa ↓ ngaphezu kuka-10%. Kepha kukhona okungenzeka futhi ukukhula ↑ ngenani elifanayo.

Kepha, uma ukungazinzi kweBitcoin kungaphansi kuka-↓, kuzoheha kakhulu kubatshalizimali.

Yize i-Bitcoin isivele imayelana 10 iminyaka, abaningi namanje abaqondi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kuphi. Ingasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okungaziwa ukukhokhelwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo online... Futhi, ngaphandle kwezinkinga ngekhomishini encane, ungenza izinkokhelo zomhlaba wonke, ngoba nge-cryptocurrency asikho isixhumanisi kunoma isiphi isimo.

Kunezindlela eziningi zokugcina i-Bitcoin:

1. Esikhwameni semali esingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, okuwuhlelo olukhethekile olufakwe kwikhompyutha. Ukugwema ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe kwemali egcinwe kuleso sikhwama semali, iyabethelwa. Kepha le nketho ibucayi ukulinganiselwa - uma umnikazi wesikhwama akhohlwa iphasiwedi noma i-hard drive kukhompyutha ilahlekile, ukufinyelela kumaBitcoins kuzolahleka unomphela.
2. Isikhwama se-cryptocurrency eku-inthanethi.Le nketho inenombolo izinzuzo ngaphambi kwenketho engaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Kulokhu, ukufinyelela emalini kungatholakala kunoma iyiphi idivayisi ene-Intanethi. Kepha kukhona futhi kusimo - yonke imininingwane igcinwa kuseva. Uma abahlaseli bekwazi ukuyiphula, bazothola ukufinyelela kuyo yonke idatha.

☝ Sikweluleka futhi ukuthi ufunde indatshana yethu ethi "Bitcoin: kuyini ngamagama alula".

Ngaphandle kokutadisha ithiyori ngemali, akunakwenzeka ukuqala ukuthuthukisa izinga lokufunda ngezezimali. Kubalulekile ukuqonda kahle izisekelo ukuze uqhubeke ngokuthuthuka uthole ulwazi.

Sincoma ukuthi ubuke ividiyo yokuthi ungayithola kuphi imali:

Futhi nokuthi ungazigcina kanjani futhi uzilondoloze kahle:

Ithimba le-Ideas for Life lifisela bonke abafundi ukuzithuthukisa njalo! Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuthi uzuze impumelelo nokuzimela kwezezimali.

Bukela ividiyo: EDALULA IMFIHLO NGOMFULA AGEZELAKUYO ABAFUNA IMALI! (May 2024).