Izintaba-mlilo ezinde kakhulu futhi ezisebenza kakhulu emhlabeni
Akungabazeki ukuthi izintaba-mlilo ezishisayo emhlabeni zingenye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu nezinhle futhi ngasikhathi sinye ziyizimo zemvelo ezethusayo. Lezi zakhiwo zokwakheka komhlaba zidlale indima enkulu ekwakhiweni koMhlaba. Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka eyedlule kwakukhona inani elikhulu kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Namuhla, kunezintaba-mlilo ezimbalwa ezisasebenza. Abanye babo bayethusa, bajabule, futhi ngasikhathi sinye babhubhise yonke imizi. Ake sibone lapho izintaba-mlilo ezisebenza kakhulu ezikhona.
Llullaillaco
I-stratovolcano ejwayelekile (inesendlalelo, isimo esiyindilinga) ukuphakama okungama-6739 m. Itholakala emngceleni weChile ne-Argentina.
Igama eliyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo lingahunyushwa ngezindlela ezihlukile:
- "Amanzi angatholakali naphezu kokuseshwa okude";
- "Isisindo esithambile esiba nzima".
Ohlangothini lwesifundazwe saseChile, phansi kwentaba-mlilo, kunePaki Kazwelonke enegama elifanayo - iLlullaillaco, ngakho-ke indawo esentabeni ihle kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokukhuphukela phezulu, izivakashi zihlangana nezimbongolo, izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni nama-guanacos ahlala ezimweni zemvelo.
Kunemizila emibili ongakhuphukela kuyo emgodini wentaba:
- enyakatho - 4.6 km ubude, umgwaqo ulungele ukushayela;
- eningizimu - ubude be-5 km.
Uma uzonyuka intaba, hamba nezicathulo ezikhethekile nembazo yeqhwa, njengoba kunezindawo ezineqhwa endleleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kokuqala ngo-1952, kwatholakala idiphozi yasendulo yase-Inca entabeni, kwathi ngo-1999 kwatholakala izidumbu zezidumbu zentombazane nezomfana eduze nomgodi. Ngokusho kososayensi, baba yizisulu zomkhuba.
Ukuqhuma okuqine kakhulu kwaqoshwa kathathu - ngo-1854 no-1866. Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwentaba-mlilo esebenzayo kwenzeka ngo-1877.
ISan Pedro
Lesi sigebenga esingamamitha angu-6145 sisezintabeni i-Andes, enyakatho yeChile ngaseBolivia eWestern Cordillera. Isiqongo sentaba-mlilo sikhuphuka ngaphezu komzimba wamanzi omude kunayo yonke eChile - Loa.
ISan Pedro ingenye yezintaba-mlilo ezinde kunazo zonke ezisebenzayo. Ngokokuqala ngqa kwenzeka ukukhuphukela emgodini ngo-1903. Namuhla iheha ngendlela eyingqayizivele eChile, eheha izinkulungwane zezivakashi ezivela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Ekhulwini lama-XX, intaba-mlilo yazikhumbuza izikhathi ezingama-7, okokugcina ngo-1960. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu leminyaka, iSan Pedro ifana nembiza egqamayo engaqhuma noma yinini. Ngezansi kunezimpawu ezixwayisa ngokuthi ukukhuphukela emgodini kungenzeka kuphela ngesifihla-buso esivikela ekukhishweni okunobuthi.
Kuyathakazelisa:
- ISan Pedro ingenye yezintaba-mlilo ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezisalokhu zisebenza kuze kube namuhla. Imidondoshiya eminingi ibhekwa njengengasekho.
- Umakhelwane weSan Pedro yintaba-mlilo iSan Pablo. Itholakala empumalanga kanti ubude bayo bungu-6150 m.Izintaba ezimbili zixhunywe ngesihlalo esiphakeme.
- AmaChile alandisa izinganekwane eziningi ezihambisana nentaba-mlilo iSan Pedro, ngoba ukuqhuma ngakunye okwedlule kwakuthathwa njengophawu lwasezulwini futhi kunencazelo engaqondakali.
- Kwinzalo yabafuduki abavela eSpain nabantu bomdabu bendawo, intaba-mlilo ingumthombo wemali engaguquguquki futhi eningi.
El Misti
Phakathi kwazo zonke izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo emhlabeni ebalazweni, lena ngokufanele ibhekwa njengeyinhle kunazo zonke. Ingqungquthela yayo kwesinye isikhathi iqhwa. Intaba iseduze kwedolobha lase-Arequipa, ukuphakama kwayo kungamamitha angu-5822. Intaba-mlilo iyaziwa ngoba phezulu kwayo kunemigodi emibili enobubanzi obucishe bube yi-1 km no-550 m.
Kunezindunduma ezijwayelekile zokufanisa emithambekeni. Zivele ngenxa yemimoya engapheli phakathi kwe-El Misti neMount Cerro Takune, zihamba ibanga elingama-20 km.
Isenzo sokuqala sentaba-mlilo saqoshwa ngesikhathi sokufudukela kwabaseYurophu baya eLatin America. Inhlekelele enamandla kunazo zonke, eyonakalisa ngo-1438. Ekhulwini lama-XX, intaba-mlilo izikhathi eziningana ikhombise amazinga ehlukene womsebenzi:
- Ngo-1948, isigamu sonyaka;
- ngo-1959;
- ngo-1985, kwakukhishwa umusi.
Ososayensi abavela ePeru benza isiphetho eminyakeni embalwa edlule ukuthi umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba wentaba-mlilo uyanda kancane kancane. Lokhu kuholela ekuzamazameni komhlaba, okungajwayelekile kule ndawo. Uma ucabanga ukuthi i-El Misti iseduze nendawo yokuhlala enkulu ePeru, lokhu kuyenza ibe yintaba-mlilo eyingozi kakhulu.
I-Popocatepetl
Kutholakala eMexico, indawo ephakeme kakhulu ifinyelela kuma-5500 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Lesi yisiqongo sesibili esiphakeme kunazo zonke esifundeni sombuso.
Ama-Aztec ayekholelwa ukuthi ukukhulekela intaba-mlilo kwakuyoletha imvula, ngakho babeletha iminikelo njalo lapha.
IPopocatepetl iyingozi ngoba amadolobha amaningi akhiwe eduze kwayo:
- Izihloko zamazwe asePuebla naseTlaxcal;
- amadolobha aseMexico City naseCholula.
Ngokusho kososayensi, intaba-mlilo iqhume izikhathi ezingaphezu kweshumi nantathu emlandweni wayo. Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwaqoshwa ngoMeyi 2013. Ngesikhathi senhlekelele, isikhumulo sezindiza ePuebla savalwa nemigwaqo yagcwala umlotha. Ngaphandle kobungozi obufihliwe, izinkulungwane zezivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba ziya e-volcano minyaka yonke ukuzobuka ubuhle bendawo, zilalele inganekwane futhi zijabulele ubukhulu bale ntaba.
Intaba-mlilo iSangay
ISangay ingenye yezintaba-mlilo eziyishumi ezisebenzayo, okuyizona ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Intaba itholakala eNingizimu Melika, ukuphakama kwayo kungamamitha ayi-5230. Kuhunyushiwe, igama le-volcano lisho ukuthi "liyesabeka" futhi lokhu kukhombisa ngokuphelele ukuziphatha kwalo - ukuqhuma kuqhuma kaningi lapha, futhi kwesinye isikhathi amatshe anesisindo setoni elilodwa awe esibhakabhakeni. Phezulu kwentaba, embozwe iqhwa laphakade, kunemigodi emithathu enobubanzi obungamamitha angama-50 kuya kwayi-100.
Iminyaka yentaba-mlilo icishe ibe yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-14, isigebenga besisebenza ngokukhethekile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Enye yezinto ezonakalisa kakhulu yabhalwa ngo-2006, ukuqhuma kwahlala isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Umqansa wokuqala uthathe cishe inyanga eyodwa, namuhla izivakashi zihamba ngokukhululeka, ngemoto; abantu banqoba isigaba sokugcina sendlela eminyuzi. Uhambo luthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokuvamile, lolu hambo lubhekwa njengolunzima impela, ngakho-ke bambalwa abanquma ukukhuphukela emgodini. Abavakashi abanqobe intaba banuka iphunga eliqhubekayo lesibabule futhi bazungezwe intuthu. Njengomvuzo, i-landscape emangalisayo ivuleka phezulu.
Le ntaba-mlilo izungezwe iSangay National Park, ehlanganisa indawo engaphezu kwamahektha angama-500. Ngo-1992, i-UNESCO yafaka ipaki ohlwini lwamasayithi asengozini. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2005 le nto yakhishwa ohlwini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Indawo yepaki iqukethe izintaba-mlilo ezintathu eziphakeme kunazo zonke e-Ecuador - eSangay, Tungurahua nase-El Altar.
Funda futhi: Ungaya kuphi eYurophu phakathi nentwasahlobo?
Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Intaba-mlilo yiyona ephakeme kunazo zonke endaweni yezwekazi lase-Eurasia - amamitha angu-4750, futhi iminyaka yayo ingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-7. IKlyuchevskaya Sopka itholakala maphakathi neKamchatka, kunezinye izintaba-mlilo eziningi eziseduze. Ukuphakama kwesigebenga kuyakhula njalo ngemuva kokuqhuma ngakunye. Kunemigodi eseceleni engaphezu kwama-80 emithambekeni, ngakho-ke kugeleza ukugeleza kwamadlambi amaningi ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
Intaba-mlilo ingenye yezinto ezisebenza kakhulu emhlabeni futhi izenza zaziwe njalo, cishe kanye njalo eminyakeni engu-3-5. Umsebenzi ngamunye uhlala izinyanga ezimbalwa. Okokuqala kwenzeka ngo-1737. Ngo-2016, intaba-mlilo yayisebenza izikhathi ezingama-55.
Inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu yabhalwa ngo-1938, ubude bayo kwakuyizinyanga eziyi-13. Ngenxa yale nhlekelele, kwakheka ukuqhekeka ngamakhilomitha ama-5 ubude. Ngo-1945, ukuqhuma kwahambisana nokuwa okukhulu kwedwala. Futhi ngo-1974, izenzo asebenzayo Klyuchevskaya Sopka kwaholela ukuqhuma kweqhwa.
Ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kuka-1984-1987, kwakhiwa isiqongo esisha, futhi ukukhishwa komlotha kukhuphuke nge-15 km. Ngo-2002, intaba-mlilo yaqala ukusebenza, umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu waqoshwa ngo-2005 nango-2009. Ngo-2010, ukuphakama kwentaba kweqe ama-5 km. Ngentwasahlobo ka-2016, kwaphela amasonto ambalwa, kwenzeka okunye ukuqhuma, okuhambisana nokuzamazama komhlaba, ukugeleza kwamadwala nokukhishwa komlotha endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-11.
Mauna loa
Ukuqhuma kwale volcano enkulu kungabukwa kusuka noma yikuphi eHawaii. IMauna Loa itholakala eziqhingini ezakhiwe umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Ukuphakama kwayo kungamamitha angu-4169. Isici - intaba ayiyindilinga, ngakho-ke ibanga ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi kuya kolunye kuyahluka phakathi kwamakhilomitha ama-3-5. Izakhamizi zesiqhingi zibiza intaba ngokuthi yiLong.
Encwadini! Imihlahlandlela eminingi kulesi siqhingi iholela izivakashi e-Mauna Kea volcano. Iphakeme kancane kuneMauna Loa, kepha ngokungafani neyokugcina, isivele icishiwe. Ngakho-ke, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola ukuthi iyiphi intaba-mlilo ofuna ukuyibona.
I-Age Mauna Loa iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-700, okuyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 ayengaphansi kwamanzi. Izenzo ezisebenzayo ze-volcano zaqala ukurekhodwa kuphela engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19. Ngalesi sikhathi, uzikhumbuze ngaye izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-30. Ngokuqhuma ngakunye, usayizi we-giant uyanda.
Izinhlekelele ezimbi kakhulu zenzeka ngo-1926 nango-1950. Intaba-mlilo ibhubhise amadolobhana amaningana nedolobha. Futhi ukuqhuma ngo-1935 kwakufana nesiqephu sefilimu elidumile laseSoviet elithi "The Crew". Umsebenzi wokugcina waqoshwa ngo-1984, kwaphela amaviki amathathu kuthululwa udaka lwentaba. Ngo-2013, kube nokuzamazama komhlaba okuningana, okukhombisa ukuthi intaba-mlilo maduzane ingakhombisa ukuthi iyakwazi ukwenzani futhi.
Singasho ukuthi ososayensi bathanda kakhulu iMauna Loa. Ngokusho kwezazi zokuzamazama komhlaba, intaba-mlilo (enye yezimbalwa emhlabeni) izolokhu iqhuma njalo eminye iminyaka eyisigidi.
Uzoba nentshisekelo ku: Kuphi ukugubha uNyaka Omusha olwandle - izindawo eziyi-12 ezithokozisayo.
ECameroon
Kutholakala ezweni elinegama elifanayo, osebeni lweGulf of Guinea. Leli phuzu eliphakeme kunawo wonke lombuso - amamitha angu-4040. Unyawo lwentaba nengxenye yalo engezansi lumbozwe ngamahlathi ashisayo, akukho zimila phezulu, kuneqhwa elincane.
ENtshonalanga Afrika, iyintaba-mlilo esebenzayo kunazo zonke ezikhona ezwenikazi. Kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, lo mdondoshiya wazibonakalisa amahlandla ayi-8. Ukuqhuma ngakunye kufana nokuqhuma. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwenhlekelele kubuyela emuva ekhulwini lesi-5 BC. Ngo-1922, udaka lwentaba-mlilo lwafinyelela ogwini lwase-Atlantic. Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwenzeka ngo-2000.
Ngiyathokoza ukwazi! Isikhathi esihle sokukhuphuka nguDisemba noma uJanuwari. NgoFebhuwari, umncintiswano waminyaka yonke "Umjaho Wethemba" ubanjelwa lapha. Izinkulungwane zabahlanganyeli zikhuphukela phezulu, zincintisana ngejubane.
UKerinci
Intaba-mlilo ephakeme kunazo zonke e-Indonesia (ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-3 km 800 metres) nendawo ephakeme kakhulu eSumatra. Kutholakala maphakathi nesiqhingi, eningizimu yedolobha lasePadang. Bude buduze nentaba-mlilo iKeinchi Seblat Park, enesimo sikazwelonke.
Le crater ingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-600 ukujula futhi inechibi engxenyeni yalo esenyakatho-mpumalanga. Ukuqhuma okunodlame kwaqoshwa ngo-2004, lapho ikholomu yomlotha nentuthu inyuka nge-1 km. Inhlekelele yokugcina enkulu yaqoshwa ngo-2009, kwathi ngo-2011 umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo wazwakala ngendlela yokushaqeka okuphawulekayo.
Ehlobo lika-2013, intabamlilo yalahla ikholomu yomlotha ukuphakama okungamamitha ayi-800. Izakhamizi zemizi eseduze zaqoqa izimpahla zazo ngokushesha futhi zaphuma. Umlotha wawungcolisa isibhakabhaka grey, nomoya wawunuka isibabule. Kwadlula imizuzu engama-30 kuphela, kwathi amadolobhana amaningana ambozwa ngothuthu olujiyile. Ukwesaba kudalwe amasimu etiye, atholakala eduze nentaba-mlilo nawo ahlupheka ngenxa yenhlekelele. Ngenhlanhla, kwehla imvula enkulu ngemuva komcimbi, futhi imiphumela yokuqhuma kwaqhuma.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umqansa wentaba uthatha izinsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3. Umzila uhamba emahlathini aminyene, imvamisa umgwaqo uyashelela. Ukuze unqobe indlela, udinga usizo lomhlahlandlela. Kuke kwaba nezimo emlandweni lapho izihambi zanyamalala khona, zihamba zodwa. Kungcono ukuqala ukukhuphuka emzaneni waseKersik Tua.
I-athikili ehlobene: TOP 15 imitapo yolwazi engajwayelekile emhlabeni.
I-Erebus
Izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo kuwo wonke amazwekazi (ngaphandle kwe-Australia) ziheha ukunaka kososayensi nabavakashi. Ngisho nase-Antarctica kukhona omunye wabo - u-Erebus. Le volcano itholakala eningizimu yezinye izinto okuyizinto okucwaningwa ngazo ngososayensi. Ukuphakama kwentaba kungu-3 km 794 m, kanti ubukhulu be-crater bungaphezudlwana kuka-800 m.
Intaba-mlilo ibilokhu isebenza kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kwabe sekuvulwa isiteshi esifundazweni saseNew Mexico, abasebenzi baso baqapha imisebenzi yaso. Umkhuba oyingqayizivele we-Erebus uyichibi lodaka.
Into iqanjwe ngegama likankulunkulu u-Erebus. Le ntaba isendaweni enamaphutha, yingakho intaba-mlilo yaziwa njengenye yezinto ezisebenza kakhulu emhlabeni. Amagesi akhishwayo abangela umonakalo omkhulu ku-ozone layer. Ososayensi bayaqaphela ukuthi kulapho ungqimba lwe-ozone oluncane kunawo wonke lukhona.
Ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kwenzeka ngesimo sokuqhuma, udaka lujiyile, lubamba ngokushesha futhi alunaso isikhathi sokusabalala ezindaweni ezinkulu.
Ingozi enkulu ngumlotha, okwenza ukuhamba ngendiza kube nzima, njengoba ukubonakala kuncipha kakhulu. Umfudlana wodaka nawo uyingozi, ngoba uhamba ngejubane elikhulu, futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela kuwo.
I-Erebus indalo yemvelo emangalisayo - iyesabeka, inemilingo futhi iyajabulisa. Ichibi elisentabeni liheha imfihlakalo yalo ekhethekile.
U-Etna
Etholakala eSicily, oLwandle iMedithera. Ngokuphakama kwamamitha angama-3329, akunakubangelwa izintaba-mlilo eziphakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kepha ingafakwa ngokuzethemba ezindaweni eziqhuma kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuqhuma ngakunye, ukuphakama kuyanda kancane. Iyintaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu; isihloko sayo sihlale sihlotshiswe ngesigqoko seqhwa. Intaba-mlilo inezigaxa ezimaphakathi ezi-4 nezicishe zibe ngu-400 ezinamaceleni.
Umsebenzi wokuqala ubuyela emuva ku-1226 BC. Ukuqhuma okubi kakhulu kwenzeka ngo-44 BC, kwakunamandla kangangokuba umlotha wasibekela isibhakabhaka ngokuphelele phezu kwenhloko-dolobha yase-Italy, wabhubhisa isivuno ogwini lwaseMedithera. Namuhla u-Etna akayingozi kangako kunangesikhathi sangaphambi komlando. Ukuqhuma kokugcina kwenzeke entwasahlobo ka-2008 futhi kwaphela cishe izinsuku ezingama-420.
Intaba-mlilo iyathandeka ngezimila zayo ezahlukahlukene, lapho ungathola khona izintende, i-cacti, amaphayini, ama-agave, ama-spruces, amabhisikidi, izihlahla zezithelo nezivini. Ezinye izitshalo ziyisici se-Etna kuphela - isihlahla samatshe, i-Ethnian violet. Izinganekwane nezinsumansumane eziningi zihambisana nentaba-mlilo kanye nentaba.
I-Kilauea
Ensimini yeziQhingi zaseHawaii, lena yintabamlilo esebenzayo kakhulu (yize ingeyona ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni). NgesiHawaii, iKilauea isho ukugeleza okukhulu. Ukuqhuma bekuqhubeka njalo kusukela ngo-1983.
Intaba-mlilo itholakala eNational Park of Volcanoes, ubude bayo bungu-1 km 247 metres kuphela, kepha kunxephezela ukukhula kwayo okungabalulekile ngomsebenzi. IKilauea yavela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-25 eyedlule, ububanzi be-caldera volcano buthathwa njengenye yezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - cishe u-4.5 km.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokomlando, intaba-mlilo yindawo yokuhlala unkulunkulukazi uPele (unkulunkulukazi wezintaba-mlilo). Izinyembezi zakhe zingamaconsi odaka, futhi izinwele zakhe ziyimifudlana yodaka.
Ichibi lasePuuoo lava, elisentabeni, lingumbono omangalisayo. Ama-rocket ancibilikile ngokungaphezi, enza izintambo ezimangazayo ebusweni. Kuyingozi ukusondela kule nto yemvelo, ngoba udaka lomlilo luqhuma luze lube ngamamitha ayi-500 ukuphakama.
Ngaphandle kwechibi, ungabona umhume wemvelo lapha. Ubude bayo bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-60. Uphahla lomhume luhlotshiswe ngama-stalactites. Abavakashi bayaqaphela ukuthi ukuhamba emhumeni kufana nokubalekela enyangeni.
Ngo-1990, udaka lwentaba-mlilo lwaluchitha ngokuphelele leli dolobhana, ubukhulu besendlalelo sodaka sasivela kumamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-25. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-25, intaba-mlilo yabhidliza izindlu ezicishe zibe yi-130, yacekela phansi i-15 km yomgwaqo, futhi udaka lwentaba luhlanganisa indawo eyi-120 km.
Umhlaba wonke ubuke ukuqhuma okunamandla kunakho konke kweKilauea ngo-2014. Ukuqhuma kwahambisana nokuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile. Amatshe amaningi odaka abhubhisa izakhiwo zokuhlala namapulazi asebenzayo. Kukhishwe izindawo zokuhlala eziseduze, kepha akubona bonke abahlali abakhombisa isifiso sokushiya amakhaya abo.
Yikuphi izwe elingenazo izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo
Azikho izintaba-mlilo ezingasekho noma ezisebenzayo e-Australia.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izwe eliseningizimu likude kakhulu neziphambeko ezinkulu futhi udaka lwentaba-mlilo alunandlela yokuphuma phezulu.
Okuphambene ne-Australia yiJapan - izwe lisendaweni eyingozi kakhulu ye-tectonic zone. Lapha kushayisana amapuleti ama-tectonic amane.
Izintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ziyisimanga semvelo esimangazayo nesesabekayo. Minyaka yonke emhlabeni kunokuqhuma okungu-60 kuya ku-80 emazwenikazi ahlukene.
Izintaba-mlilo eziyi-12 ezisebenzayo okukhulunywe ngazo esihlokweni zimakwe ebalazweni lomhlaba.
Ukuqhuma okuqoshwe.